Language

• Language


  Collection of symbols and rules for combining symbols which expresses message
• Language


  • Symbolic - uses representations to verbal or written language
  • Generative - produce many different messages by combining symbols
  • Structured - organization is imposed in grammatical rules
• Grammar


  Set of rules for producing correct sentences
• Meaning


  The intention of expressing the significance or degree of importance of a concept in mind
• Holophase


  • "Da" means "I want that" / "I want to go out" / "Where's daddy?"
• Telegraphic speech


  • "Pa log" means "Si papa ay natutulog." / "Ang lupa ay nakalog."
• Underextending word meanings


  Using a word to refer to a specific instance rather than the general concept
• Underextending word meanings


  • "Dolly" - specific toy
• Overextending word meanings


  Using a word to refer to a broader category than is appropriate
• Overextending word meanings


  • "Doggy" - 4 legged animal
• Broca's Aphasia


  Language disorder attributed to damage in the frontal lobe of the brain, resulting in inability to compose thoughts into words
• Wernicke's Aphasia


  Language disorder attributed to damage to the temporal lobe, resulting in no semantic content in the production of sentences
• Morphemes


  Stem words and its prefix and suffix
• Phoneme


  Production of sound
• Speech Error


  • Slip of Tongue - unintended deviations from a speech plan
  • Exchange error - 2 linguistic units are substituted for each other during sentence production (Word Exchange, Morpheme Exchange, Phoneme Exchange)
• Overextension


  • "I open the light" instead of "I turn on the light"
• Phonology


  Language production
• Semantics


  Word and their meanings
• Pragmatics


  Appropriate use of language in social context
• Syntax


  Ordering of words
• Language Milestone


  • Birth - cry, sound response
  • 1 1/2 to 3 months - coos and laughs
  • 3 months - play with speech sounds
  • 5 to 6 months - make consonant sounds, trying to match what is heard
  • 6 to 10 months - babbling
  • 9 months - gestures/geture games
  • 9 to 10 months - understand words like "no" sound, imitates sounds
  • 9 to 12 months - uses few social gestrure
  • 10 to 14 months - first word
  • 10 to 18 months - says single words
  • 13 months - understands symbolic function of naming
  • 14 months - uses symbolic gesturing
  • 16 to 24 months - learns new words, expands vocabulary rapidly, goung from 50 - 100 words including verbs and adjectives
  • 18 to 24 months - says 1st sentence, 2 words
  • 20 months - few gestures, more names
  • 20 to 22 months - has comprehension spurt
  • 24 months - uses many 2-word phrases, no longer babbles, wants to talk
  • 30 months - learns new words everyday, speaks in combination of 3 or more words, understands very well, makes some grammatical mistakes
  • 36 months - 1,000 words, 80% intelligible, makes mistakes in syntax
• Parents' intelligence


  Moderate positive correlation with rate of child's communication skills development
• Temperament


  Happy child aged 2 and below develops more communication skills by being extroverts
• Cognitive Theory


  Children become aware of the concept, size, word, pattern of conveying concept
• Empiricist Theory


  Language development based on experience
• Nativist Theory


  Language Acquisition Device, biological
• Interactionist Theory


  Combination of empiricist and nativist theories
• Speech


  Vocalized forms of human communication
• Speech Production


  Manner of articulation that describes how the tongue, lips, jaw and other speech organs are involved in making a sound
• Speech Perception


  Process by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sound used in languages
• Types of Writing System

  • Logographic - one symbol to stand for a word or morpheme
  • Syllabic - one symbol to stand for a syllable
  • Alphabetic - no meaning on its own, useful for combining to form words
• Types of Bilingualism


  • Additive - second language acquired in addition to well-developed first language
  • Subtractive - elements of second language replace elements of first language
  • Simultaneous - child learns two languages from birth
  • Sequential - individual first learns one language then another