Lesson 2

• Electronics


  The study of the behavior of an electron and the different conditions of applied electric field
• Electronics


  • The branch of engineering in which the flow and control of electrons in vacuum or semiconductor are studied
  • The branch of engineering in which the electronic devices and their utilization are studied
• Electronic device


  A device which controls the flow of electrons
• Branches of electronics


  • Digital Electronics
  • Analog Electronics
  • MicroElectronics
  • NanoElectronics
  • OptoElectronics
  • Integrated Circuits
  • Semiconductor Device
• Digital Electronics


  • Deals with digital signals for processing and controlling various systems and sub-systems
  • Usage of digital electronics is increasing extensively in applications like sensors and actuators
• Digital signals


  Discrete values of voltage that do not vary continuously with time
• Analog signals


  Continuous time varying signals
• Analog Electronics


  • Deals with electronic systems and devices with continuous time signals
  • Proportional relationship between a signal and an electrical quantity (voltage or current)
  • More susceptible to noise and distortion
• Microelectronics


  • Deals with the miniaturization of electronic circuits and components
  • Includes computer chips, power electronics, and other small semiconductor devices
• Nanoelectronics


  • Deals with improvements in electronics such as display, size, and power consumption of the device for practical use
  • Includes research on memory chips and surface physical modifications
• Optoelectronics


  • Deals with electronic devices and systems that find, detect and control light
  • Includes visible, infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray light
• Optoelectronic devices


  • Laser diodes, superluminiscent diodes, and light emitting diodes (LEDs)
  • Photodetectors (photodiodes and phototransistors)
  • Imaging detectors
  • Electro-optic modulators
  • Electro absorption modulators
  • Opto-isolators
  • Photonic Integrated Circuits
  • Photo emissive detectors
• Integrated Circuit (IC)


  An electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components
• Semiconductor Devices


  • op-amps
  • Resistors
  • Capacitors
  • Diodes
  • Transistors
• Semiconductor device


  An electronic component that relies on the electronic properties of a semiconductor material for its function
• Diode vacuum tube was the first electronic component invented by J.A. Fleming
• Lee De Forest developed the triode, a three-element vacuum tube capable of voltage amplification
• Vacuum tubes played a major role in the field of microwave and high-power transmission as well as television receivers
• In 1947, Bell laboratories developed the first transistor based on the research of Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain
• In 1959, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the first integrated circuit
• Everyday electronic devices


  • Computers
  • Mobile Phones
  • ATM
  • Pen drive
  • Television
  • Digital Camera
• Computers are used for playing games, watching movies, doing research, paying bills and reservation of tickets for railways and airlines
• Mobile phones are used for sending text messages, making voice calls, surfing internet, playing games, and listening songs
• ATM is an electronic telecommunication device particularly used for withdrawing money at anytime from anywhere
• Pen drive is particularly used for storing large amount of data and also used for transferring data from one device to another
• Television is an electronic device primarily used for entertainment and knowledge
• Digital camera is a camera used for taking pictures and videos
• Applications of electronics


  • Entertainment and Communication
  • Medical
  • Industrial
  • Household
  • Transportation
  • Military and Defense
• Pen drive


  Particularly used for storing large amount of data and also used for transferring data from one device to another
• Television


  Electronic device primarily used for entertainment and knowledge
• Digital camera


  Camera used for taking pictures and videos, which are stored for later reproduction
• Electronics has made tremendous advancement during last few decades and our day to day life involves the use of electronic devices
• Application of Electronics


  • Entertainment and Communication
  • Defense Applications
  • Industrial Application
  • Medical Services Application
  • Instrumentation Application
• Entertainment and Communication


  Availability of economical and fast means of communication, Radio and TV broadcasting offers a means of both entertainment as well as communication, Electronic gadgets are widely used for entertainment
• Defense Applications


  Completely controlled by electronic circuits, Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) is the most important development, Radar and anti-craft guns can be linked by an automatic control system
• Industrial Application


  Electronics circuits are widely being used in industrial applications such as control of thickness, quality, weight and moisture content, Electronic amplifier circuits are used to amplify signals and thus control the operations, Power stations which generates thousands of megawatts of electricity are controlled by tiny electronic devices and circuits
• Medical Services Application


  Electronic Systems are being used by doctors and scientists in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, X-rays, ECG, Short eave diathermy units and Oscillographs are some instruments which have been used so far in medical science
• Instrumentation Application


  Electronic instruments such as Cathode- ray oscilloscopes, frequency counters, signal generators, strain gauges, are of great help in for precise measurement of various quantities
• Oscilloscope


  A device used for viewing oscillations, as of electrical voltage or current, by a display on the screen of a cathode ray tube
• Electronic Components


  • Three Passive Components
  • Two Active Components