Untitled

• JOSEPH LISTER


  Introduced antiseptic principles for use in surgery and post traumatic injury
• Lister's antiseptic principles


  1. Use phenol (carbolic acid) as a wash for the hands

  2. Spray on an incision site

  3. Apply on bandage to wounds
• Lister's antiseptic principles


  Decrease incidence of post surgical infections
• PAUL EHRLICH


  Father of Chemotherapy
• Ehrlich's work


  • Disciple of Robert Koch
  • Began work with a set of antibacterial dyes and antiparasitic organic arsenicals
  • Goal was to develop compounds that retained antimicrobial activity at the expense of toxicity to the human host: he called this agents (magic bullets)
  • Discovered that the dyes and arsenicals could stain target cells selectively
  • First demonstration of selective toxicity
• Selective Toxicity


  Main tenet of modern antimicrobial properties
• Salvarsan


  Effective anti syphilitic drug discovered by Ehrlich
• Heavy metals

  • Mercury
  • Arsenic
  • Antimony
• Atoxyl


  Used for sleeping sickness, aka: sodium arsanilate and arsphenamine
• Definition of Terms


  • Antisepsis: application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
  • Decontamination: destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms
  • Disinfection: chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces
  • Sanitization: reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
  • Sterilization: a process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival
  • Pasteurization: a process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65°C-100°C
  • Germicide: anti-infective agents used locally
• Characteristics of an Ideal Antiseptic

  • Low-enough toxicity
  • Exert rapid and sustained lethal action on microbes
  • Low surface tension
  • Retain activity in the presence of body fluids
  • Non-irritating
  • Non-allergenic
  • Lacks systemic toxicity
  • Does not interfere with healing
• Characteristics of an Ideal Disinfectant

  • Rapidly lethal action
  • Good penetrating properties into organic matter
  • Shares compatibility with organic compounds
  • Not inactivated by living tissue
  • Non-corrosive
  • Aesthetically pleasing
• Alcohol


  Mechanism of action: protein and carbohydrate denaturation
• Relationship between alcohol structure and antibacterial activity

  • Increase in number of carbons up to 8 increases antibacterial activity
  • Increase beyond 9 carbons decreases antibacterial activity due to non-polarity and decreased water solubility
  • Branching decreases antibacterial property
• Alcohol, USP


  Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, wine spirit, cologne spirit, Spiritus vini rectificatus
• Manufacture of Alcohol, USP

  1. Fermentation of grains and other carbohydrates

  2. Hydration of ethene/synthetically by the sulfuric acid - catalyzed hydration of ethylene
• Ethanol


  Causes drunkenness, metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase in the body to form acetaldehyde
• Types of Alcohol


  • Dehydrated alcohol: 99% alcohol, prepared by azeotropic distillation
  • Diluted alcohol: 49-50% alcohol
  • Denatured alcohol: EtOH (Ethanol) rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances
  • Completely denatured alcohol: contains added wood alcohol (methanol) and benzene unsuitable for internal or external use
  • Specially denatured alcohol: Ethanol treated with one or more substances so that its use is permitted for specialized purpose
• Medicinal uses of alcohol


  • Antiseptic
  • Preservative
  • Mild counterirritant
  • Rubefacient
  • Mild local anesthetic
• Anesthetic effect of alcohol


  Results from the evaporative refrigerant action of alcohol when applied to the skin
• Isopropyl Alcohol (C3H8O)


  Substitute for ethanol, prepared by sulfuric-acid-catalyzed hydration of propylene, used primarily as a disinfectant for the skin and for surgical instruments, rapidly bactericidal in the concentration range of 50%-95%, 40% concentration is considered equal in antiseptic efficacy to a 60% ethanol in water solution
• Ethylene Oxide (C2H4O)


  Mechanism of action: alkylation of bacterial protein by nucleophilic opening of oxide ring, used to sterilize temperature-sensitive pharmaceuticals and equipment that can't be autoclaved, forms explosive mixtures in air concentrations ranging from 3% - 80% by volume, exposure to skin, mucous membranes, and inhalation should be avoided
• Formaldehyde (HCHO)


  Mechanism of action: direct and nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups of proteins, uses: embalming fluid, disinfectant