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• Firearms


  Significant part of human history, shaping societies, politics, and warfare
• Development and evolution of firearms


  Profound impact on the world we live in today
• The First Firearm


  • Invented in ancient China
  • Gunpowder discovery led to early firearms
  • Significant turning point in warfare and human history
• Invention of Gunpowder


  1. Discovery by Chinese alchemists in the 9th century

  2. Beginning of explosive weaponry
• First Portable Firearms


  • Creation of hand cannons laid the foundation for handheld firearms
• Revolution of Innovation


  1. Invention of the matchlock in the 15th century

  2. Mechanism that ignited gunpowder, revolutionizing firearms technology
• Early developments in GUNPOWDER technology

  • Gunpowder discovery
  • Advancements in formula
  • Impact on warfare
• The IMPACT of Gunpowder

  • Warfare transformation
  • Societal impact
  • Technological advancement
• Matchlock mechanism


  Pivoting S-shaped arm to hold a slow-burning wick that ignited the gunpowder charge
• Advancements in barrel design and ammunition

  • Barrel rifling and bore design enhanced accuracy and effective range
  • Evolution from round balls to conical bullets and standardization of cartridges improved efficiency and lethality
• Evolution of Firearms Technology

  1. Invention of rifling in the 19th century

  2. Development of automatic and semi-automatic firearms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

  3. Advancements in materials science and mass production techniques
• Types of Firearms


  • Rifles
  • Shotguns
  • Pistols
  • Submachine Guns

  
• Gatling gun


  • First example of early rapid fire weapons, forerunner of the modern machine gun
• Colt Revolver


  • First truly successful revolvers, granted a contract in 1846 during the Mexican-American War
• Musket Model 77


  • One of the most widely used weapons in continental Europe, created in 1777 for the French Army
• Puckle Gun


  • One of the first weapons to be called a "machine gun", tripod-mounted, single-barrel flintlock weapon with a manually operated revolving cylinder
• King Louis XIII's Flintlock Gun

  • Early example of a French flintlock gun, one of the greatest advancements in gun technology
• Georg von Reichwein's Revolver

  • Oldest existing revolver in the world, created by German weapons blacksmith Hans Stopler in 1597
• Tanegashima


  • Matchlock guns from Japan that were used by the samurai and their foot soldiers, first introduced to Japan by the Portuguese in 1543
• Emperor Charles V's Wheellock Pistol

  • One of the earliest surviving pistols, dating back to around 1540 - 1545, featured a double-barreled wheellock mechanism
• Heilongjiang Hand Cannon


  • Believed to be the oldest existing gun in the world, precursor to modern guns, found during a 1970 excavation in China
• Influence of Firearms on Warfare

  • Tactical advantages
  • Impact on fortifications
  • Doctrine and strategy
• Modern ADVANCEMENT in Firearms

  • Technological innovation
  • Enhanced security measures
  • Research & development
• Ongoing discussions about Firearms: legal frameworks, safety measures, societal impact
• The Future of Firearms: integration of smart technologies, improved safety features, and enhanced regulations to address global security challenges
• Republic of the Philippines, CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY, Don Severino delas Alas Campus, Indang, Cavite, COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Criminology Department, Course: FITT 8 Fundamentals of Marksmanship, Instructor: Marco Victor P. Mendoza, MODULE 3, UNDERSTANDING AMMUNITION / CARTRIDGES
• This lesson outline provides a structured approach to teaching about ammunition and cartridges, covering essential information for understanding their components, performance, and safety considerations. It is important to tailor the lesson to the specific needs and experience levels of the audience, ensuring that they gain a comprehensive understanding of this critical aspect of firearm operation.
• Ammunition


  Also known as cartridges, the complete package of components used in firearms. It typically consists of a casing, primer, propellant, and projectile.

  
• Ammunition


  • Provides the means to project force at a distance
  • A complex integration of materials and design, each part playing a specific role in its function
• Basic parts of ammunition

  • Cartridge case
  • Primer
  • Propellant
  • Projectile

  
• Cartridge case


  The container that holds all the other components of a round of ammunition together. It is typically made from brass, but can also be made from steel, aluminum, or even plastic for certain applications.

  
• Influence of cartridge case on firing

  1. When a firearm's trigger is pulled, the firing pin strikes the primer, igniting the propellant

  2. The cartridge case expands to seal the chamber, ensuring that gases are directed forward to propel the bullet out of the barrel

  3. After firing, the case is often ejected from the firearm, making room for the next round to be chambered
• Reloading and cartridge case

  For enthusiasts who reload their ammunition, the cartridge case is a reusable element. Its durability allows it to be reloaded with a new primer, propellant, and projectile multiple times, offering cost savings and the ability to customize loads for specific purposes.
• Primer


  A small, but vital, component of ammunition. Located at the center of the base of a cartridge case (centerfire ammunition) or distributed around the rim (rimfire ammunition), the primer contains a small amount of impact-sensitive chemical compound.

  
• Function of primer


  When struck by the firing pin, the primer detonates and ignites the propellant within the cartridge case. This small explosion is the catalyst for the main event, which is the burning of the propellant that ultimately propels the bullet forward.
• Propellant


  The chemical mixture that burns rapidly when ignited by the primer. Modern ammunition uses smokeless powder, which produces less smoke and residue than the black powder used in older ammunition.
• Conversion of propellant to mechanical energy

  Upon ignition, the propellant converts from a solid or gel state into a rapidly expanding gas. This expansion creates high pressure within the cartridge case, which then forces the bullet down the barrel and towards the target.
• Projectile


  The component that is expelled from the barrel to engage the target. Bullets come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials, each designed for specific tasks, such as hunting, target shooting, or self-defense.

  
• Factors affecting projectile performance

  • The design of a bullet can affect its aerodynamics, stability, and terminal performance
  • A full metal jacket (FMJ) bullet may be ideal for target practice, while a hollow-point is designed to expand upon impact for more effective energy transfer in hunting or self-defense situations

  
• Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) bullet

  Has a "soft" lead core surrounded by a casing of a harder metal, typically copper. Invented in 1882 by Swiss Colonel Eduard Rubin while working for the Swiss Federal Ammunition Factory and Research Center.