Skeletal anatomy

• Skeletal anatomy of a dogshark

  A) Chondrocranium

  B) Splanchnocranium

  C) Pectoral girdle

  D) Rib

  E) Anterior dorsal fin

  F) Posterior dorsal fin

  G) Caudal fin

  H) Pelvic fin

  I) Pelvic girdle

  J) Pectoral fin

  
• • The intercalary plate is formed from the interdorsals.
  • The fusion of the intercalary plate and neural plate forms the neural arch.
  • Sharks have an amphicoelous centra.

  A) Neural canal

  B) Centrum

  C) Spinal cord

  D) Intercalary plate

  E) Neural plate

  
• Vertebrae of shark in (A) trunk region and (B) caudal region.

  A) Caudal artery

  B) Caudal vein

  C) Hemal arch

  D) Neural spine

  E) Neural arch

  F) Neural canal

  G) Centrum

  H) Hemal canal

  I) Hemal spine

  J) Intercalary plate

  
• Diamond shape space between the centra provides space for the notochord.

  A) Hemal arch

  B) Radial pterygiophores

  C) Fin spine

  D) Rib

  
• • Radial ptreygiophores - supports fin
  • Cleithrum - supports pectoral girdle
  • Operculum - covers the gills
  • Hypural - Enlarged and flattened hemal arches that support the caudal fin.

  The vertebral regions in teleosts are: trunk vertebrae and caudal vertebrae.

  Unlike sharks, teleosts have a homocercal tail.

  A) Anterior dorsal fin

  B) Radial pterygiophores

  C) Cleithrum

  D) Operculum

  E) Orbit

  F) Fin rays

  G) Trunk vertebrae

  H) Posterior dorsal fin

  I) Caudal fin

  J) Neural spine

  K) Hypural

  L) Hemal spine

  M) Caudal vertebrae

  N) Anal fin

  O) Ventral ribs

  P) Dorsal rib

  Q) Pelvic fin

  R) Pectoral fin

  
• The vertebra of teleosts are harder and more opaque than those of dogfish sharks.
• Amphicoelous - shape of centra in teleosts
• Premaxilla - bears the upper teeth.

  Maxilla - does not form margin of mouth.

  Dentary - bears the lower teeth; lower jaw.

  A) Nasal

  B) Orbit

  C) Maxilla

  D) Premaxilla

  E) Dentary

  F) Operculum

  G) Fin rays

  H) Fin rays

  I) Cleithrum

  J) Frontal

  K) Lacrimal

  
• • Tibiale - tarsal bone ipsilateral to prehallux.
  • Urostyle - transmits thrust to v. column for locomotion.
  • Procoelous - shape of central; concave/convex and ball-socket joints.

  A) Phalanges

  B) Metacarpals

  C) Carpals

  D) Radio-ulna

  E) Humerus

  F) Suprascapula

  G) Transverse process

  H) Sacral vertebra

  I) Ilium

  J) Urostyle

  K) Femur

  L) Tibiofibula

  M) Ischium

  N) Fibulare

  O) Tibiale

  P) Tarsals

  Q) Metatarsals

  
• The mandible includes Meckel's cartilage, nearly all of which is covered by the dentary and angulosplenial.

  A) Premaxilla

  B) Nasal

  C) Maxilla

  D) Orbit

  E) Squamosal

  F) Prootic

  G) Frontoparietal

  H) Columella

  I) Exoccipital

  J) Quadratojugal

  K) Foramen magnum

  L) Premaxillary teeth

  M) Premaxilla

  N) Maxilla

  O) Occipital condyle

  P) Maxillary teeth

  Q) Vomer

  R) Vomerine teeth

  
• Frog skull lateral view

  A) Frontoparietal

  B) Nasal

  C) Premaxilla

  D) Dentary

  E) Columella

  
• 4 vertebral regions (in order):

  1. Cervical - includes atlas
  2. Trunk - 7 vertebrae
  3. Sacral
  4. Urostyle - fused caudal vertebrae

  A) Atlas

  B) Transverse process

  C) Sacral vertebra

  D) Urostyle

  E) Ilium

  F) Pubis

  G) Acetabulum

  H) Femur

  I) Ischium

  J) Atlas

  K) Trunk vertebrae

  L) Sacral vertebra

  M) Urostyle

  N) Ilium

  O) Ischium

  P) Pubis

  Q) Acetabulum

  
• Frog pectoral girdle

  A) Suprascapula

  B) Sternum

  C) Procoracoid

  D) Scapula

  E) Humerus

  F) Xiphisternum

  G) Procoracoid

  H) Glenoid fossa

  I) Scapula

  J) Clavicle

  K) Clavicle

  L) Suprascapula

  M) Sternum

  N) Xiphisternum

  
• Frog forelimb

  A) Radio-ulna

  B) Carpals

  C) Metacarpals

  D) Phalanges

  
• In fishes, each rib has a single head that articulates with the vertebra at the basapophysis. In tetrapods, the ventral ribs were lost and the dorsal limbs evolved into trunk ribs. Trunk ribs have two heads that articulate with the vertebrae. The tuberculum is the dorsal head that articulates with the diapophysis, and the capitulum is the ventral head that articulates with the parapophysis.
• • Procoelous - shape of centra
  • 4 vertebral regions (in order): cervical, trunk, sacral, and caudal.
  • The cervical vertebra of reptiles includes the atlas (C1) and axis (C2).

  A) Cervical vertebrae

  B) Carapace

  C) Trunk vertebrae

  D) Caudal vertebrae

  
• • Scapula - part of pectoral girdle that is fused to carapace.
  • Ulna - bone found at the "pinky" side.

  A) Acromion

  B) Scapula

  C) Coracoid

  D) Humerus

  E) Ulna

  F) Carpals

  G) Metacarpals

  H) Phalanges

  I) Radius

  
• Hindlimb and pelvic girdle of turtle

  A) Pubis

  B) Pubic symphysis

  C) Ischium

  D) Tarsals

  E) Metatarsals

  F) Phalanges

  G) Tibia

  H) Fibula

  I) Femur

  J) Obturator foramen

  K) Ilium

  
• Bird skeletal anatomy

  A) Skull

  B) Radius

  C) Ulna

  D) Phalanges

  E) Caudal vertebrae

  F) Pygostyle

  G) Ilium

  H) Pubis

  I) Ischium

  J) Ribs

  K) Furcula

  L) Humerus

  M) Scapula

  N) Synsacrum

  O) Sternum

  P) Keel

  Q) Tarsus

  R) Hallux

  S) Femur

  
• Bird

  A) Radius

  B) Axis

  C) Atlas

  D) Hyoid

  E) Procoracoid

  F) Furcula

  G) Keel

  H) Patella

  I) Fibula

  J) Tibiotarsus

  K) Tarsometatarsus

  L) Metatarsals

  M) Pygostyle

  N) Femur

  O) Innominate

  P) Synsacrum

  Q) Uncinate process

  R) Rib

  S) Scapula

  T) Humerus

  U) Ulna

  V) Carpometacarpus

  W) Manus

  
• • Heterocoelous - shape of cervical vertebrae centra in birds.
  • Acoelous - shape of thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae central in birds.
  • Uncinate process - provides greater firmness to ribs.
  • Synsacrum - fused last thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.
  • Innominate - Fused ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • Pygostyle - fused caudal vertebrae.
  • Patella - first seen in birds; a sesamoid bone that developed from a tendon.
• Bird skull

  A) Maxilla

  B) Hyoid

  C) Mandible

  D) Orbit

  E) Zygomatic arch

  F) Premaxilla

  G) Maxilla

  H) Nasal aperture

  I) Sclerotic ring

  J) Parietal

  K) Frontal

  L) Nasal

  M) Lacrimal

  N) Occipital

  O) Jugal

  P) Quadratojugal

  Q) Quadrate

  R) Dentary

  
• Cat skeletal anatomy

  A) Caudal vertebrae

  B) Sacral vertebrae

  C) Lumbar vertebrae

  D) Thoracic vertebrae

  E) Cervical vertebrae

  F) Hyoid

  G) Scapula

  H) Clavicle

  I) Humerus

  J) Radius

  K) Carpals

  L) Metacarpals

  M) Phalanges

  N) Ulna

  O) Xiphisternum

  P) Innominate

  Q) Femur

  R) Fibula

  S) Tibia

  T) Tarsals

  U) Metatarsals

  V) Phalanges

  
• Vertebra type

  A) Atlas

  B) Axis

  C) Cervical

  D) Thoracic

  E) Lumbar

  F) Sacral

  
• Scapula and ribs of cat

  A) Infraspinous fossa

  B) Spine

  C) Acromion

  D) Metacromion

  E) Supraspinous fossa

  F) Glenoid fossa

  G) Tuberculum

  H) True ribs

  I) False ribs

  J) Floating rib

  K) Capitulum

  L) Scapula

  
• Typical anatomy of vertebra

  A) Neural spine

  B) Neural canal

  C) Neural arch

  D) Prezygapophysis

  E) Transverse foramen

  F) Transverse process

  G) Centrum

  
• Bone markings of humerus

  A) Head

  B) Greater tuberosity

  C) Lesser tuberosity

  D) Lesser tuberosity

  E) Greater tuberosity

  F) Deltoid ridge

  G) Capitulum

  H) Trochlea

  I) Lateral epicondyle

  J) Medial epicondyle

  K) Olecranon fossa

  
• Bone markings of radius and ulna

  A) Olecranon process

  B) Semilunar notch

  C) Head

  D) Neck

  E) Styloid process

  F) Styloid process

  G) Radius

  H) Ulna

  
• Bone markings of femur

  A) Head

  B) Neck

  C) Lesser trochanter

  D) Greater trochanter

  E) Lateral condyle

  F) Lateral epicondyle

  G) Medial condyle

  H) Medial epicondyle

  I) Patellar surface

  
• Bone markings of tibia and fibula

  A) Medial condyle

  B) Lateral condyle

  C) Medial condyle

  D) Lateral condyle

  
• Cat skull dorsal

  A) Temporal fenestra

  B) Frontal

  C) Nasal

  D) Premaxilla

  E) Maxilla

  F) Orbit

  G) Temporal

  H) Parietal

  I) Occipital

  J) Jugal

  K) Zygomatic process

  
• Cat skull

  A) Jugal

  B) Zygomatic process

  C) Palatine

  D) Vomer

  E) Tympanic bulla

  F) Occipital condyle

  G) Foramen magnum

  H) Occipital

  
• Cat skull

  A) Condyloid

  B) Coronoid

  C) Ramus

  D) Angular

  E) Body

  F) Mental foramina