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LIVING ORGANISMS
Structure + Functions
c. Biological Molecules
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BIOLOGY IGCSE > LIVING ORGANISMS > Structure + Functions > c. Biological Molecules
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Biological molecules:
found in
living
organisms
produced by
cells
Nutrients
= molecules that are needed for growth
Biological molecules (regarding human nutrition) are:
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
Carbohydrates are made of:
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
Proteins are made of:
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
Lipids are made out of:
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
CARBS COME IN DIFFERENT SIZES
Monomers -
simple sugars
(e.g.
glucose
)
Polymers
- complex carbs (e.g.
glycogen
or
starch
)
Complex carbs are connected by
chemical
bonds
, turning into simple carbohydrates when they are broken.
Carbs are broken down by enzymes in the
mouth
small intestine
PROTEINS COME IN DIFFERENT SIZES
Monomers
- amino acids
Polymers -
protein
(which is actually just amino acids bonded together)
Protein is broken down by enzymes in the
stomach
small intestine
Lipids can both
fats
and
oils.
FAT:
solid
lipid at room temperature
OIL:
liquid
lipid at room temperature
Lipids are
not
polymers
Lipids are broken down by enzymes in the
small intestine
Lipid molecules are made out of:
3
fatty acids
1
glycerol
The length and structure of these molecules determine if the lipid is a fat or an oil
Carbohydrates:
C,
H,
O.
Fats
:
C, H, O.
3
fatty acids and 1
glycerol.
Proteins
:
C, H, O, N.
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