M2-COLOR REACTIONS

• Ninhydrin


  Test for free amino acids, positive result is violet
• Biuret


  Test for peptide bonds, positive result is violet
• Xanthoproteic


  Test for aromatic compounds (amino acids: Phe, Trp, Tyr), positive result is yellow
• Millon's


  Test for phenolic compounds (amino acid: Tyr), positive result is rose/salmon
• Hopkin's Cole


  Test for indole (amino acid: Trp), positive result is violet ring
• Sakaguchi


  Test for guanidine group (amino acid: Arg), positive result is reddish/wine
• Nitroprusside


  Test for thiol group (amino acid: Cys), positive result is red
• Fohl's


  Test for sulfur containing compounds (amino acids: Cys, Met), positive result is brown or black ppt
• Amide


  Test for amidic compounds (amino acids: Asn, Gln), positive result is litmus paper R->B, B->B
• Pauly's


  Test for phenolic and imidazole groups (amino acids: Tyr, His), positive result is red
• NUCLEIC ACIDS


  • Dische
  • Ammonium molybdate
  • Murexide
  • Wheeler-Johnson
• Dische


  Test for deoxyribose (DNA), positive result is blue due to hydroxylevulinic aldehyde
• Ammonium molybdate


  Test for phosphate group, positive result is yellow ppt
• Murexide


  Test for purines (bases A, G), positive result is pink color
• Wheeler-Johnson


  Test for pyrimidines (bases U, T, C), positive result is green with bromine (C and U turns into dialuric acid); purple with barium hydroxide
• CARBOHYDRATES


  • Molisch
  • Anthrone
  • Iodine
  • Benedict's
  • Barfoed's
  • Seliwanoff's
  • Bial's
  • Phloroglucinol
  • Phenylhydrazine
  • Mucic acid (aka Galactaric acid)
• Molisch


  Test for carbohydrates in general, positive result is violet ring
• Anthrone


  Test for anthrone, positive result is dark green
• Iodine


  Test for starch, positive result is violet
• Benedict's


  Test for reducing sugars/monosaccharides, positive result is brick red
• Barfoed's


  Test for monosaccharides, positive result is faster reaction compared to more complex sugars
• Seliwanoff's


  Test for ketoses, positive result is cherry red
• Bial's


  Test for pentoses, positive result is blue-green
• Phloroglucinol


  Test for phloroglucinol, positive result is red
• Phenylhydrazine


  Test for glucose/galactose/fructose, positive result is osazone crystals (Lac – cottonball-shaped, Mal – sunflower-shaped, Glu/Fru/Man – needle/broomstick-shaped)
• Mucic acid (aka Galactaric acid)


  Test for galactose, positive result is insoluble crystals
• LIPIDS


  • Sudan III
  • Osmic acid
  • Tincture of Alkanna
  • Kraut's
  • Liebermann-Burchard
  • Acrolein
  • Bromine
• Sudan III


  Test for fatty acids, positive result is red
• Osmic acid


  Test for osmium tetroxide, positive result is black
• Tincture of Alkanna


  Test for alkanet root extract, positive result is red
• Kraut's


  Test for choline, positive result is dark-red ppt
• Liebermann-Burchard


  Test for sterol, positive result is green/blue (unsaturated), yellow (saturated)
• Acrolein


  Test for glycerol, positive result is acrid odor
• Bromine


  Test for bromine in CCl4, positive result is disappearance of orange color
• For hydrogenationed vegetable oil = Serger test, For sesame oil = Baudoin test, For cottonseed oil = Bevan test, For olive oil = Millon's test (to detect contamination by tea tree or camellia)
• PHARMACOGNOSY/ PLANT CHEMISTRY

  • TANNINS
  • ALKALOIDS
  • VOLATILE OILS
  • SAPONINS
  • FLAVONOIDS
  • ANTHRAQUINONES
  • CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
  • ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
  • PHENOL GLYCOSIDES
  • CHROMATOGRAPHY
• TANNINS


  • Goldbeater's skin
  • Gelatin
  • Ferric chloride
  • Bromine test
  • KMnO4 test
  • Dry distillation
  • KCN
  • Chlorogenic acid
• Goldbeater's skin


  Test for true tannins in general, positive result is black/brown
• Gelatin


  Test for true tannins, positive result is gel-like precipitate
• Ferric chloride


  Test for distinguishing true tannins, positive result is bluish black (hydrolysable), greenish brown (condensed)