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Biology
Human Reproduction
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Created by
Stan Nicholls
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Cards (42)
Testosterone
Hormone
that leads to secondary
sexual
characteristics in males
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Oestrogen
Hormone
that leads to secondary
sexual
characteristics in females
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Testes
Where
testosterone
is released from
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Ovaries
Where
oestrogen
is released from
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Secondary sexual characteristics in males AND females
Hair growth
underarms
and
pubic
region
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Secondary sexual characteristics in males only
Penis
and
testicles
enlarge
Sperm
production
Hair
grows on
face
and chest
Voice
deepens
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Secondary
sexual characteristics in females only
Breasts develop
Menstruation
begins
Hips widen
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Urethra
Tube that
semen
travels down to exit the
penis
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Testes
Where
sperm are produced
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Sperm duct
Tube
sperm
travel down from the testes to the
urethra
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Ways sperm cells are adapted for their function
They have a
tail
for swimming to the
egg
The midpiece contains many mitochondria this allows them to respire to
release energy
in the form of ATP to move the
tail
Their
nucleus
is haploid and contains
23 chromosomes
The tip of the head (known as the acrosome) contains
digestive enzymes
which allow it to
break through
the egg cell's membrane
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Uterus
Where a
foetus
develops
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Cervix
Ring of
muscle
at the opening of the
vagina
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Ovaries
Where
egg cells
are stored
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Ovum
Another word (in latin) for an
egg
cell
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Oviduct
/
fallopian tube
Tube
egg
cells travel down from the ovaries to the
uterus
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Oviduct
/
fallopian tube
Where
fertilisation
occurs
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Fertilisation
The
haploid nucleus
of the male gamete fuses with the
haploid nucleus
of the female gamete
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Zygote
Cell
produced in
fertilisation
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Haploid
The
nucleus
has
one
copy of each chromosome
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Diploid
The nucleus has
2
copies of each
chromosome
(one copy from the male gamete and one from the female gamete)
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Menstrual cycle
On average
28
days long
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Embryo
Formed when the
zygote
divides by
mitosis
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Menstrual cycle
1.
Menstruation
(period)
2.
Uterus
lining thickens again
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Ovulation
Release of a
mature
egg/ovum from an
ovary
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Ovulation
Usually occurs on day
14
of the
menstrual
cycle
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Egg
release
One every
28 days
on average
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Egg after release
Travels down the
oviduct
/fallopian tube towards the
uterus
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After
ovulation
The
uterus lining
stays thick (to give the egg time to be fertilised and reach the uterus to
implant
)
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Oestrogen
Causes the
uterus
lining to
thicken
(after menstruation)
Stimulates
the release of
LH
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Progesterone
Maintains the
uterus
lining (keeps it thick)
Inhibits
(prevents) the release of LH and
FSH
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Progesterone levels
Remain
high
if pregnancy occurs, so
menstruation
does not occur
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Implantation
The
embryo
attaches to the (thick)
uterus
lining
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Gestational period (pregnancy)
On average
40
weeks
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Amniotic fluid
Acts as a 'shock absorber' to
protect
the embryo/foetus from
bumps
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Placenta
Organ that allows the exchange of materials between the
mother
and
foetus
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Placenta
attachment
Via the
umbilical cord
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Substances that pass from the mother's blood to the foetus'
blood
Oxygen
Glucose
Vitamins
Mineral ions
Amino acids
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Waste substances that pass from the foetus blood to the mother's blood
Carbon dioxide
Urea
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Harmful substances that could pass from the mother's blood to the foetus' blood
Nicotine
Alcohol
Prescription drugs
Recreational drugs
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