Human Reproduction

    Cards (42)

    • Testosterone
      Hormone that leads to secondary sexual characteristics in males
    • Oestrogen
      Hormone that leads to secondary sexual characteristics in females
    • Testes
      Where testosterone is released from
    • Ovaries

      Where oestrogen is released from
    • Secondary sexual characteristics in males AND females
      • Hair growth underarms and pubic region
    • Secondary sexual characteristics in males only
      • Penis and testicles enlarge
      • Sperm production
      • Hair grows on face and chest
      • Voice deepens
    • Secondary sexual characteristics in females only

      • Breasts develop
      • Menstruation begins
      • Hips widen
    • Urethra
      Tube that semen travels down to exit the penis
    • Testes
      Where sperm are produced
    • Sperm duct
      Tube sperm travel down from the testes to the urethra
    • Ways sperm cells are adapted for their function
      • They have a tail for swimming to the egg
      • The midpiece contains many mitochondria this allows them to respire to release energy in the form of ATP to move the tail
      • Their nucleus is haploid and contains 23 chromosomes
      • The tip of the head (known as the acrosome) contains digestive enzymes which allow it to break through the egg cell's membrane
    • Uterus
      Where a foetus develops
    • Cervix
      Ring of muscle at the opening of the vagina
    • Ovaries
      Where egg cells are stored
    • Ovum
      Another word (in latin) for an egg cell
    • Oviduct/fallopian tube

      Tube egg cells travel down from the ovaries to the uterus
    • Oviduct/fallopian tube
      Where fertilisation occurs
    • Fertilisation

      The haploid nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the haploid nucleus of the female gamete
    • Zygote
      Cell produced in fertilisation
    • Haploid
      The nucleus has one copy of each chromosome
    • Diploid
      The nucleus has 2 copies of each chromosome (one copy from the male gamete and one from the female gamete)
    • Menstrual cycle
      On average 28 days long
    • Embryo

      Formed when the zygote divides by mitosis
    • Menstrual cycle
      1. Menstruation (period)
      2. Uterus lining thickens again
    • Ovulation
      Release of a mature egg/ovum from an ovary
    • Ovulation
      Usually occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle
    • Egg release

      One every 28 days on average
    • Egg after release
      Travels down the oviduct/fallopian tube towards the uterus
    • After ovulation
      The uterus lining stays thick (to give the egg time to be fertilised and reach the uterus to implant)
    • Oestrogen

      • Causes the uterus lining to thicken (after menstruation)
      • Stimulates the release of LH
    • Progesterone
      • Maintains the uterus lining (keeps it thick)
      • Inhibits (prevents) the release of LH and FSH
    • Progesterone levels
      Remain high if pregnancy occurs, so menstruation does not occur
    • Implantation
      The embryo attaches to the (thick) uterus lining
    • Gestational period (pregnancy)
      On average 40 weeks
    • Amniotic fluid
      Acts as a 'shock absorber' to protect the embryo/foetus from bumps
    • Placenta
      Organ that allows the exchange of materials between the mother and foetus
    • Placenta attachment

      Via the umbilical cord
    • Substances that pass from the mother's blood to the foetus' blood

      • Oxygen
      • Glucose
      • Vitamins
      • Mineral ions
      • Amino acids
    • Waste substances that pass from the foetus blood to the mother's blood
      • Carbon dioxide
      • Urea
    • Harmful substances that could pass from the mother's blood to the foetus' blood
      • Nicotine
      • Alcohol
      • Prescription drugs
      • Recreational drugs