Geography EOYs

• Asylum seekers


  People who move from one country to another because they are in danger or because they are persecuted because of their religion or political views.
• Average life expectancy


  The average age someone can expect to live to. Average life expectancy is usually calculated separately for men and women.
• Birth rate


  The number of children born in one year for every 1,000 people in a country's population.
• Bottom-up development


  Improvement projects carried out by ordinary people rather than by businesses or governments. Compare this to top-down development.
• Child labour


  The employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school.
• Economic migrants


  People who move to another country in search of work.
• Gender Development Index (GDI)


  Measures gender inequality in three key areas: reproductive health, empowerment and economic status. It highlights differences in the achievements of men and women.
• HIV


  HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, and weakens your ability to fight infections and disease.
• Human Development Index


  A measure of development that takes into account a countries level of education, its wealth and average life expectancy. Also known as HDI. Score closer to 1 = more developed.
• Infant mortality rate (IMR)

  The number of children who die before the age of one for every 1000 that are born
• Malaria


  Malaria is a serious infectious disease spread by mosquitoes, in tropical areas.
• Net immigration


  When more people move into the region than leave it.
• Primary health care


  Primary health care is the first point of contact between a health care worker and a patient. It may involve preventative care, for example, immunisation.
• Pull factors


  Reasons that attract migrants to move to a new home.
• Push factors


  Reasons that force people to move away from their existing home.
• Refugees


  People who are in danger and who leave their homes for their own safety. Refugees may move because of a natural disaster such as a volcanic eruption or because of conflict.
• Remittances


  The return of money sent by migrant workers to support their families who have remained at home.
• Sub-Saharan Africa


  An area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara desert.
• Top-down development


  When decisions about development are made by governments or officials rather than by ordinary people. Compare this to self-help schemes.
• The global climate conditions of the Earth change over time, leading to colder and warmer periods
• The last 2.6 million years are the Quaternary period, during this, there have been 60 cold periods and warmer interglacial periods
• The last ice age ended approximately 25,000 years ago
• Evidence for climate changes


  • Ice cores
  • Preserved pollen
  • Historical sources such as diaries and art
  • Tree rings
• Milankovitch Cycles


  Long-term changes to the Earth's orbit and position. This changes how much solar radiation the Earth receives
• The Earth's orbit changes every 100,000 years - a more circular orbit leads to cooler periods and an elliptical orbit leads to warmer periods
• The Earth's tilt varies every 40,000 years and the greater the tilt the hotter the summers and the colder winters
• Every 24,000 years, the Earth wobbles on its axis and this can affect the seasonal temperatures
• Volcanic eruptions


  Large-scale eruptions lead to vast quantities of ash being ejected into the atmosphere, which blocks solar radiation, leading to a decrease in temperatures
• Sunspot activity


  Increased sunspot activity is linked to higher average temperatures
• Atmospheric dust


  Asteroids and meteors entering the Earth's atmosphere may increase the amount of dust, which decreases temperatures
• Greenhouse effect


  Essential to the survival of life on Earth - greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allow short-wave radiation from the sun through to the Earth's surface, which is absorbed and re-radiated as long-wave radiation, some of which is absorbed by the greenhouse gases, maintaining the Earth's average temperature
• Greenhouse gases from natural sources

  • Water vapour
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous oxide
• Enhanced greenhouse effect


  Human activity is increasing the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to less long-wave radiation (heat) being able to escape the atmosphere and average global temperatures increasing over 1°C since pre-industrial times
• Human sources of greenhouse gases


  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) - burning of fossil fuels, burning of wood, deforestation
  • Methane (CH4) - decay of organic matter
  • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) - artificial fertilisers, burning fossil fuels
  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - aerosols, refrigeration units, air conditioning
• The enhanced greenhouse effect causes the average global temperature to increase and is the result of human activity
• Not all scientists agree about the causes of climate change, with a few arguing that global warming is the result of the Earth's natural climate pattern and not the result of human activities
• Immigration


  The act of moving into a new country to live permanently
• Emigration


  The act of leaving one's own country to settle in another
• Push Factor


  Conditions that drive people to leave their home country
• Pull Factor


  Conditions that attract people to move to a new country