Natures of Solids

• Solids


  • Formed when the temperature of a liquid is low and pressure is high
  • Rigid
  • Particles hardly diffuse
• Crystalline Solids


  Atoms, ions, or molecules are ordered in well-defined arrangements
• Crystalline Solids


  • Flat surfaces and sharp angles
  • Have regular shapes
• Crystalline Solids


  • Ice
  • Sugar
  • Salt
  • Gems
• Amorphous Solids


  • Do not have orderly structures
  • Have poorly-defined shapes
• Ionic Solids


  • Positive and negative ions
  • Electrostatic attractions
• Ionic Solids


  • Hard
  • Brittle
  • Poor electrical and thermal conductors
• Ionic Solids


  • NaCl
  • MgCl2
  • Ca(NO3)2
• Molecular Solids


  • Atoms or molecules
  • Hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and dispersion forces

  
• Molecular Solids


  • Soft
  • Low to moderate high melting point
  • Poor thermal and electrical conductors
• Covalent Solids


  • Atoms connected in a network of covalent molecules
  • Covalent bonds
• Covalent Solids


  • Very hard
  • Very high melting point
  • Often poor thermal and electrical conductors
• Metallic Solids


  • Atoms or molecules
  • Metallic bonds
• Metallic Solids


  • Soft to hard
  • Low to high melting point
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
  • Good thermal and electrical conductors
• Metallic Solids


  • Cu
  • Na
  • Zn
  • Fe
  • Al