humanities review

• Erosion


  The wearing away of rock
• Transportation


  Material is picked up by the river/wave and moved downstream/along the beach
• Deposition


  The river/wave drops its load, usually when it loses energy
• Erosion sub-processes


  • Vertical erosion
  • Lateral erosion
• Vertical erosion


  • Downwards erosion that can create deep v-shaped valleys in the upper course of a river
  • The river current cuts into the 'bed' of the river, making it deeper
• Lateral erosion


  • Occurs on the outside bend of a river
  • The river will migrate sideways cutting a wider and flatter river floor
• Sections of the River

  • Upper
  • Middle
  • Lower
• Meander


  A bend in the river
• Ox-bow lake


  A lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel
• River levees


  • Natural embankments formed by the river depositing sediment along its edges during floods
  • Man-made levees constructed by humans to enhance flood protection
• Natural levees act as barriers, helping to contain future flood waters within the river channel
• Man-made levees are built using various materials such as soil, sand, rock, or concrete and are typically engineered to specific standards and designs
• Both natural and man-made levees try to reduce the risk of flooding by confining the flow of water within the river channel, thereby protecting lands and communities from inundation
• Industrial Revolution


  A time of big changes in how things were made, starting in Great Britain in the 1700s and spreading to other countries
• Before the Industrial Revolution, people made things by hand, but during this time, machines started to be used to make things faster and more efficiently
• The textile industry was one of the first industries to use machines during the Industrial Revolution
• Coal


  Formed underground from the remains of plants and animals, released energy when burned that was used to power machines in factories
• Steam engine


  A really important invention that could do a lot of work and make machines run faster, helping to make factories more productive
• The Industrial Revolution had a big impact on cities and the way people lived, with many people moving from rural areas to big cities to find work in factories
• The Industrial Revolution changed the relationship between cities and rural areas, with cities starting to produce more things that rural areas needed
• Urbanisation


  The rapid growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution, leading to a surge in demand for affordable housing near factories
• Many employers constructed poorly built and often unsanitary housing, exploiting workers who had limited options
• These hastily constructed houses were often erected in terraced rows, with minimal space between them, and some featured only a small yard at the rear with an outdoor toilet
• Sanitation was a major issue, with many homes lacking proper facilities, and waste often left in large heaps near homes, contaminating water supplies and spreading disease-causing germs
• Cholera was one of the most feared consequences of these unsanitary conditions during the Industrial Revolution
• Cholera


  A highly feared and deadly disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which spreads through contaminated water or food
• Cholera outbreaks were devastating during the Industrial Revolution, with symptoms including severe diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration, and without proper treatment, it could quickly lead to death
• Efforts to combat cholera during the Industrial Revolution included improvements in sanitation infrastructure, such as the development of sewage systems and the provision of clean drinking water
• Innovations/Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

  • Steam Engine
  • Spinning Jenny
  • Power Loom
  • Telegraph
  • Steam-powered Transportation
  • Cotton Gin
• Steam Engine


  Invented by James Watt, powered machinery, locomotives, and ships, enabling factories to operate more efficiently and facilitating faster transportation
• Spinning Jenny


  Developed by James Hargreaves, revolutionised textile production by allowing one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously
• Power Loom


  Patented by Edmund Cartwright, automated the process of weaving cloth, reducing the need for skilled labour and significantly increasing production rates
• Telegraph


  Invented by Samuel Morse, revolutionised long-distance communication by enabling the transmission of messages over electrical wires
• Steam-powered Transportation


  The development of steam-powered locomotives and steamships revolutionised transportation during the Industrial Revolution
• Cotton Gin


  Invented by Eli Whitney, mechanised the process of separating cotton fibres from seeds, making cotton production more efficient and profitable
• Coastal Erosion


  Involves the wearing away of rock by wave action
• Coastal Erosion Sub-Processes


  • Hydraulic action
  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Solution
• Hydraulic action


  The force of the waves pounding against the coastline, leading to the mechanical removal of rock and soil
• Abrasion


  Also known as corrasion, the waves carrying and hurling particles of sand, pebbles, and other debris against the coastline, wearing away the rock and soil
• Attrition


  The wearing down of rock particles as they collide with each other or with the coastline, gradually smoothening and reducing the size of the particles