Coem

• MOLECULE


  Two or more atoms
• BIOMOLECULES are any molecules that are produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
• BIOMOLECULES


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids

  
• Carbohydrates


  • Most common biomolecule
  • Primary energy source of our body
  • Simple sugars, starch and cellulose
  • Made of 3 elements: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • Classified into: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

  
• Monosaccharides


  Simple sugars (C6H12O6)

  
• Disaccharides


  Double sugars (C12H22O11)
• Polysaccharides


  Complex sugars (C6H10O5)n

  
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin

  
• Starch


  • Used for energy storage in plants
  • Provide a quick form of energy for the body
• Glycogen


  • Used for energy storage in animals
  • When the body doesn't need glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
• Cellulose


  • Found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees
  • Gives us fiber
• Chitin


  • Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans
• Proteins


  • Body-building molecules which help us grow
  • Transport molecules in and out of the cell
  • Control the speed of chemical reactions
  • Used for growth and repair
  • Building blocks: Amino Acids
• Functions of Proteins


  • Structural Protein (Keratin- hair & nail)
  • Storage Proteins
  • Contractile Proteins (actin & myosin)
  • Transport Proteins (Hemoglobin in blood)
  • Defensive Proteins (antibodies)
• Amino Acids


  • There are 20 amino acids found in human protein, 11 can be synthesized, 9 must be supplied by the foods we eat
  • The 9 Essential Amino Acids are: Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan and Histidine is only essential for infants
  • Non-essential amino acids: Alanine, Asparagine, and Aspartate
  • Conditional Amino Acids: Arginine, Glutamic, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Glycine, Proline, Serine and Ornithine
• Nucleic Acids


  • Biomolecular components of hereditary materials and are present in DNA
  • Building blocks: Nucleotides
• Lipids


  • Are also energy-giving molecules, but they are more commonly referred as the stored-energy molecules
  • They store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins
  • Building block: Fatty acids
• Lipids


  • Provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body and serve as waterproof covering in some plants and animals
• Lipids


  • Steroids
  • Cholesterol
  • Fats
  • Oils
  • Nuts
  • Waxes
• Lipids


  Hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water
• Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats are types of Lipids