pedia

• Febrile seizure an association with a febrile illness in the absence of a central nervous system infection or acute electrolyte imbalance in children older than 1 month of age without prior afebrile seizures
• tonic- stiffening
• clonic- jerking
• simple febrile seizure_ less than 15 mns and no reccurence in 24 hours
• complex febrile seizure more than 15 mins and focal or generalized seizure, recurrence within 24 hours
• febrile status epilepticus is continous seizure more than 30 min
• post ictal is a child returns to normal seizure
• seizures occurs during the temperature rise rather than after a prolonged elevation
• medical management - rectal diapazem, acetaminophen(pain reliever and fever)
• Hydrocephalus is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid builds up within the Fluid-containing cavities or ventricles of brain
• hydrocephalus is a condition caused by imbalance in the production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system
• cerebrospianl fluid is secreted by the choroid plexus
• the function of cerebrospinal fluid is to take food to the brain and spinal cord and excretes metabolites and act as a shock absorber
• hydrocephalus is over production of fluid by a choroid plexus in the first and second ventricle
• foramina of magendie and luschka is the opening that allow fluid to leave the fourth ventricle
• arnold chiari malformation is a congenital anomaly in which the cerebellum and medulla oblongata extend down to the foramen magnum
• echoencephalography to confirm diagnosis and to compare the ration of lateral ventricle to cortex
• venticulography is a dye injection
• posterior fontanel closes at 2-3 months
• anterior fontanel closes at 12-18 months
• macewens sign is a cracked pot sound on percussion
• setting sun sign to see sclera visible above iris which is Hallmark sign\
• acetazolamide may be ordered to promote the excretion of fluid
• types of placement of shunt are ventriculoperitoneal shunt , atrioventricular shunt and ventriculoureteral shunt
• ventriculoperitoneal shunt is used of cerebrospinal fluid to drains from the ventricles to peritoneal cavity
• antrioventricular shunt is used in children with abdominal problem
• ventriculoureteral shunt is for lateral ventricle or lumbar subarachnoid space to ureter to bladder
• initial palecement of shunt is 3-4 months of age
• give example of nursing diagnosis according to shunt- hydrocephalus

  • risk infection related to the presence of shunt
  • risk for injury related to shunt blockage
• reduce chances of skin breakdown by lambs wool blanket under the head
• spina bifida literally means cleft spine and most commonly at the fifth lumbar or 1st sacral level
• myelodysplasia is any malformation of spinal canal and cord
• cauda equina is the bundle of spinal nerve roots running through the lower part of the subarachnoid space within the vetebral canal below first lumbar vertebra
• spina bifida occulta is a hair tuft
• meningocele is a spinal fluid
• lipomyelomeningocele is a fatty tissue
• myelomeningocele is spinal nerve
• spina bifida occulta is a failure of the arches to fuse
• spina bifida cystica is defect in closure of posterior vetebral arch with protrusion through bony tissue
• vesicostomy is stoma created on the abdominal wall for urinary drainage