Chloroplast

• Outer membrane


  A semi-porous membrane and is permeable to small molecules and ions, which diffuses easily. The outer membrane is not permeable to larger proteins.
• Inner membrane


  Forms a border to the stroma. It regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. In addition of regulation activity, the fatty acids, lipids and carotenoids are synthesized in the inner chloroplast membrane.
• Stroma


  An alkaline, aqueous fluid which is protein rich and is present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast. The space outside the thylakoid space is called the stroma. The chloroplast DNA chloroplast ribosomes and the thylakoid system, starch granules and many proteins are found floating around the stroma.
• Thylakoid System


  A collection of membranous sacks called thylakoids. The chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids and is the sight for the process of light reactions of photosynthesis to happen. The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. Each granum contains around 10-20 thylakoids.
• Granum


  A coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside the chloroplasts of plant cells.
• Lamella


  Connects and separate the thylakoid stacks (grana)
• Respiration


  The process of metabolizing (burning) sugars to yield energy for growth, reproduction and other life processes, plants (and animals) convert the sugars back into energy for growth and to energize life processes (metabolic processes)
• Light-Dependent Reaction


  1. Takes place in the thylakoid membrane

  2. Uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen)

  3. NADPH plays a crucial role in the next chemical reaction
• Adenosine Triphospate (ATP)


  Compound that stores energy in the cell
• Cristae


  Inner folded membrane of the mitochondrion
• Chloroplast


  Organelle found in photosynthetic organisms that absorb sunlight and use it to synthesize carbon dioxide and water
• Kreb Cycle


  1. Series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA

  2. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

  3. Generates a series of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2)
• Mitochondrion


  Membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells in which biochemical processes and energy production occurs
• Photosynthesis


  Process of food making done by plants and other autotrophic organisms
• Stomata


  Tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange
• electron transport chain allows to start the

  release of the large amount of chemical energy

  stored in reduced NAD+ (NADH) and reduced

  FAD (FADH2).
• Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organism’s
• Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells.