Chapter 1

• Increase in population

  • Translates to increase in food demand
• Overnutrition and Malnutrition

  • Evident in low to middle income countries
  • Seen in the extreme gaps between economic strata
• Foodborne Illnesses

  • Continues to be prevalent despite all efforts
• Technologies and Trade

  • Can develop risks associated with unsafe food
• Aspects needed to be considered for food production, quality and safety

  • Increase in Population
  • Overnutrition and Malnutrition
  • Foodborne Illnesses
  • Technologies and Trade
• Food Safety

  • assurance by certified authority that it will not harm the customers adversely after consumption
• Households and Large-scale Production

  • Must ensure food safety and quality through adhering to guidelines as it affects the country in a political and economic standpoint
• Children are the most susceptible to the effects of food safety issues together with pregnant women and the elderly.
• Four Dimensions

  1. Availability
  2. Access
  3. Utilization
  4. Stability
• Availability

  • The amount of food that is present
• Access

  • The ability to acquire adequate amount of food
• Utilization

  • Safe and nutritious food that provides adequate nutrition
• Stability

  • Permanent or perennial availability
• Access

  1. Physical
  2. Financial
  3. Socio-economic
• Stability

  1. Chronic
  2. Transitory
  3. Cyclical
• Early 1930

  • Yugoslavia’s proposal on health agencies to present details on food positions to assess problems
• 1933

  • The Agricultural Adjustment Act and green stabilization and community credit corporations.
• 1935

  • Acute shortage of food describing malnutrition leading to strategies involving the four dimensions
• 1943

  • Establishment of the Food and Agriculture Organization
• 1944

  • Agricultural Price Support legislation in Canada
• 1948

  • Right to food in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
• 1949

  • US enforcement on complete utilization of surplus food commodities
• 1952

  • Establishment of the Committee on Commodity Problems by the FAO
• 1960

  • 27th resolution to provide surplus food commodities to food-deficit regions
• 1961

  • WHO and FAO created the Codex Alimentarius Commission
• 1967 - 1968

  • India started to import food commodities due to harvest failure
• 1972

  • US, Canada and USSR cereal production decreased, and Middle East petroleum prices increased
• 1974

  • UN Conference on food insecurity
• 1983 - 1985

  • African food crisis which decreased food production
• 1983

  • FAO conference resolution to warrant basic food access to the entire population
• 1977 - 1987

  • Increase in the production of agricultural products disproving Malthusian theories
• 1992

  • FAO and WHO international conference on nutrition
• 1996

  • World Food Summit in Rome to report significant progress since the 1974 conference
• 2002 - 2006

  • WFS and Committee on Food Security reported 150 countries were able to have food security strategies
• 2005

  • Niger food shortage due to famine and Nigerian economics
• Malthusian Theories

  • Thomas Robert Malthus
  • Population growth is exponential while increase in food supply and production is linear wherein balance may be attained through positive and preventive checks
• Contamination and Adulteration

  • can affect the human, economic as well as political health of a nation
• Effects of Contamination and Adulteration

  Human Cost

  • Illnesses and deaths
• Effects of Contamination and Adulteration

  Economic Cost

  • Consumer costs and poverty
• Effects of Contamination and Adulteration

  Political Cost

  • Outbreaks