Histo Lec Finals

    Cards (62)

    • Specialized Connective Tissue
      Includes bone, cartilage, and blood
    • Types of Specialized Connective Tissue
      • Bone
      • Cartilage
      • Blood
    • Bone
      • Specialized dense connective tissue in which the intracellular substance or matrix is filtered with calcium salts
      • Consists of cells, fibers, and ground matrix, with extracellular components calcified, making it hard and unyielding
      • Provides support, protection, attachment for muscles/tendons/ligaments, shape, levers for movement, hematopoiesis, and metabolic functions
    • Bone Matrix
      • Organic Component: Collagen Fibers, Ground Substance
      • Inorganic Component: Calcium hydroxyapatite, Other Ions (bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium)
    • Organic Component of Bone Matrix
      • Collagen Fibers: Constitute about 90% of organic substance, synthesized from vesicles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, predominantly Type I collagen
      • Ground Substance: Gel-like substances like Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and other non-collagen proteins like Osteonectin and Osteocalcin, serves as cement substance
    • Inorganic Component of Bone Matrix
      • Calcium Hydroxyapatite: Contributes to hardness of bone
      • Other Ions: Bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium
    • Bone Cells
      • Osteoprogenitor Cells
      • Osteoblasts
      • Osteocytes
      • Osteoclasts
    • Osteoprogenitor Cells

      • Relatively undifferentiated cells with capacity for mitosis, active during normal growth of bones, transform into osteoblasts
    • Osteoblasts
      • Bone forming cells, responsible for synthesis of organic components of bone matrix, located at surface of bone tissue
    • Osteocytes
      • Mature bone cells found encapsulated in lacunae of mineralized bone matrix
    • Osteoclasts
      • Multinucleated giant cells involved in matrix resorption during bone growth and remodeling, formed within etched depressions in bone matrix called "Howship's lacunae"
    • Fibrous Covering of Bone
      • Periosteum: Dense connective tissue layer, fibrous externally but more cellular and vascular near bone matrix
      • Endosteum: Thin layer of flattened or squamous cells lining central cavities of bones
    • Types of Bone
      • Woven
      • Lamellar
    • Compact (Cortical) Bone
      • Found mostly in diaphysis of long bones and plates of flat bones
      • Unit of structure is Haversian system or osteon
      • Comprises 80% of total bone mass
    • Components of Haversian System (Osteon)

      • Haversian Canal
      • Concentric Lamellae
      • Osteocytes
      • Lacunae
      • Bone canaliculi
    • Types of Bone Lamellae in Compact Bone
      • Concentric
      • Interstitial
      • Outer circumferential
      • Inner circumferential
    • Cancellous (Trabecular/Spongy) Bone
      • Found in epiphysis, metaphysis, diploe of flat bones, and medullary cavities
      • Consists of Trabeculae, Lamellae, and Osteocytes
    • Types of Bone Formation
      • Intramembranous ossification
      • Intracartilagenous (endochondral) ossification
    • Intramembranous Ossification
      • Bone develops within a layer of connective tissue, does not involve removal or replacement of cartilage
    • Intracartilagenous (Endochondral) Ossification
      • Occurs in formation of bones from a hyaline cartilage model
    • Types of Bone Growth
      • Appositional Growth
      • Interstitial (longitudinal) Growth
    • Cartilage
      • Firm, pliable specialized connective tissue with rigid intercellular substance
      • Less resistant to pressure than bone
      • Provides support, sliding area for joints, and essential for growth of long bones
    • Chondrocytes
      • Characteristic cells of cartilage, flattened to oval or spherical shape, lodged in lacunae
    • Perichondrium
      • Sheet of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage, contains blood and nerve supply
    • Types of Cartilage
      • Hyaline Cartilage
      • Elastic Cartilage
      • Fibrous Cartilage
    • Hyaline Cartilage
      • Most common type, characterized by chondrocytes with elliptical or flattened shape, moderate amount of fine collagenous fibers in abundant ground substance
    • Elastic Cartilage
      • More flexible, contains abundance of elastic fibers, less abundant and less basophilic ground substance
    • Fibrous Cartilage
      • Intermediate between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage, characterized by smaller, flattened chondrocytes lodged between thick bundles of collagenous fibers, with extremely rare amorphous ground substance
    • Fresh hyaline cartilage
      Bluish white and translucent
    • Hyaline cartilage microscopically
      • Characterized by chondrocytes that have elliptical or flattened shaped at the periphery
      • Ground substance or cartilage matrix is abundant and embedded in it is a moderate amount of fine collagenous fibers
    • Elastic cartilage

      More flexible type of cartilage
    • Elastic cartilage gross

      • Yellowish color due to the presence of ELASTIN in elastic fibers
    • Elastic cartilage histologic
      • Similar to hyaline cartilage except it contains abundance of elastic fibers
      • The ground substance is less abundant
      • The ground substance is less basophilic or slightly acidophilic
    • Fibrous cartilage

      A type of tissue with a characteristic intermediate between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
    • Fibrous cartilage

      • Characterized by chondrocyte that are smaller and tend to be flattened but still lodged in lacunae, arranged in rows, in between thick bundle of collagenous fibers so that the amorphous ground substance is extremely rare and appears as acidophilic
      • There is no identifiable perichondrium in fibrocartilage
    • Functions of blood
      • Transport nutrients,oxygen,wastes and carbon dioxide to and from tissues
      • To convey hormones,cytokines,chemokines and other soluble regulatory molecules
      • To transport leukocytes and antibodies through the tissues
      • To maintain homeostasis
    • Hematopoiesis
      The formation and development of blood cells
    • Hematopoiesis
      1. Cell renewal
      2. Proliferation
      3. Differentiation
      4. Maturation
    • Stages of Hematopoiesis
      • Prenatal Hematopoiesis
      • Adult Hematopoiesis
    • Prenatal Hematopoiesis
      • Mesoblastic/Megaloblastic Stage – fetal yolk sac
      • Hepatic Stage – liver
      • Medullary/Myeloid – red bone marrow
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