Chapter One

• According to Kinetic Particle Theory, liquid water has more energy than water vapor.

  False; water vapor has more energy since the water molecules contain more molecular motion.
• The nucleus is composed of positive neutrons, while orbiting around that in shells are negative electrons and neutral electrons.

  False; The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
• Seawater has an average salinity of 35ppt and contains salts such as MgSO4 and CaCO3, which are examples of compounds.

  True.
• The molecule shown is covalently bonded together, and is a common marine salt.

  False; it is ionically bonded together. You can tell due to the + and -.

  
• CO2 is an example of a covalently bonded molecule, and its equation is written out as O=C=O.

  True.
• In an ionic bond, the atom or molecule that gains an electron has an overall "+" charge and the atom or molecule that loses has an overall "-."

  False; when an atom or molecule gains an electron, it has an overall "-" charge and vice versa.
• Sodium chloride is written as NaCl, while calcium carbonate is written as CaCO3, and both of these are ionically bonded together.

  True.
• Water is able to make hydrogen bonds because of unequal sharing of electrons, caused by the 2 to 1 ratio of water to hydrogen atoms.

  False; the large mass of the oxygen atom creates the uneven sharing of electrons.
• Only polar molecules can make hydrogen bonds, and this includes water molecules that water can dissolve, such as sodium chloride.

  False; sodium chloride is an ionically bonded molecule.
• Hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of two water molecules, are easily broken and give water a high heat capacity.

  True.
• Water's ability to create many hydrogen bonds gives it a very high heat capacity.

  True.
• The process of dissolution occurs when a polar liquid dissolves a nonpolar liquid.

  False; a polar liquid will only dissolve other polar liquids.
• Water is the universal solvent, since it readily dissolves many solutes, such as CaCO3 or MgSO4.

  True.
• Solubility of water is impacted by many factors, however temperature plays a main role.

  True.
• An ion is an atom or molecule that gains or loses an electron, and ions form when water dissolves various types of solvents.

  False; solvents do the dissolving, solutes get dissolved.
• As water temperature increases, solubility of salts increases due to decreased kinetic particle motion.

  False; increases due to increased kinetic particle motion.
• As water temperature increases, kinetic particle motion increases, and thus the solubility potential for salts in water also increases.

  True.
• The average salinity of the World's oceans is 3.5%, and per the syllabus can be expressed as either 3.5% or 35 ‰.

  False; the unit for salinity is parts per thousand, or ppt.
• The definition for salinity is the total amount of dissolved salts in seawater, but we all know TDS is composed of many dissolved minerals.

  True.
• Precipitation, which includes rainfall or snow, can increase salinity by increasing the ratio of water to salt.

  False; precipitation would cause salinity to decrease.
• Precipitation decreases salinity, and density of saltwater and can lead to the formation of a halocline, which prevents mixing.

  True.
• Runoff decreases coastal salinity, and can transport excess nutrients to the ocean, causing eutrophication of atolls.

  False; runoff does not lead to eutrophication of atolls, since they are so far away.
• Evaporation decreases salinity, increases density, and can reduce water's potential to absorb gasses from the atmosphere.

  False; evaporation removes water, leaving salt ions, increasing the salinity.
• Substances with a pH from 0-6.9 are alkaline, 7 are neutral, and from 7.1+ to 14 are acidic.

  False; acids range from 0-6.9, bases from 7.1-14, and substances at 7 are neutral.
• The pH of water can influence its density, since it can impact its salinity and solubility.

  False; pH has no bearing on density, salinity, or solubility.
• The use of litmus paper is less precise than the use of universal pH indicator solution, & both of these methods are less

  True.
• Oxygen exists in seawater since it can interact and bond to polar molecules such as water, making it a vital molecule for life.

  False; water has a hard time holding onto and bonding to oxygen gas.
• The following all reduce water's solubility: Decreased water pressure due to depth, increased temperature, & increased atmospheric pressure.

  True.
• The following all decrease water's solubility: Decreased salinity, decreased temperature, and increased pressure at depths.

  False; all of these factors would lead to increase solubility of gases in water.
• As water temperature increases, density decreases, solubility of gasses decreases, and the kinetic particle motion increases.

  True.
• As turbulence increases, solubility and rates of photosynthesis will increase since CO2 is a limiting nutrient in the mesopelagic zone.

  False; this would occur, however, it would occur in the epipelagic zone.
• A thermocline represents are area of ocean water in the water column where temperature changes rapidly with a slight change in depth.

  True.
• The density equation can be rearranged into M=D*V, or V=D/M.

  False; D=M/V cannot be arranged in that way. But it can become V=M/D.
• The units of density are kgm-3 or kg/m3, and you usually can just leave them off when solving simple problems and still earn full marks.

  False; always show your units accurately.
• The density of ice is less than the density of liquid water, due to the crystal lattice structure & water' ability to create hydrogen bonds.

  True.
• Ice floats, and acts as a thermal insulator, reducing any further temperature loss of water below ice.

  True.
• A pycnocline is a combination of both a thermocline and a halocline, and is reduced due to low pressure systems such as cyclones.

  True.
• Refer to page 15 of the text. The data table displays the "X" variable in the left column and the "Y" data in the right column.

  True.
• Refer to page 17, figure 1.12 of the text. The arrow for oxygen is smaller moving out of the ocean due to respiration of consumers in the epipelagic zone.

  True.
• Refer to page 21, table 1.5 of the text. This data would be best graphed using a bar graph, since it's continuous data.

  Flase; continuous data should be graphed using a line graph.