Science - Scimath

• Air pressure - Pressure exerted on us by weight of gasses above our heads

  At sea level:

  1 atmosphere

  760 Torr

  760 mmHg

  101.3 kPa
• Real gasses:

  Molecules have volume

  Molecules Interact
• Ideal gas:

  A model

  It does not exist
• When we measure the temperature of gas we measure the average kinetic energy particles
• Boyle's Law:

  Robert Boyle - British Physicist

  He Investigated the relation of pressure and volume of gas

  P1V1 = P2V2
• Charles Law:

  Jacques Charles - French Scientist

  Investigated the relation of temperature and volume

  V1T2 = V2T1
• Gay-Lussacs Law:

  Joseph Gay-Lussac - A french chemist

  He investigated the relation of pressure and temperature

  P1T2 = P2T1
• Combined Gas Law:

  P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
• Ideal Gas Law:

  PV=nRT

  R = Universal Gas Constant - 0.0821
• Chemical Reaction - a change in the composition of a substance.
• Law of conservation of mass - total mass is equal to the total mass of the products
• Combination Reaction - Two or more substances create a new compound
• Decomposition reaction - One compound breaks down into two or more simpler compounds
• Single Displacement Reactions - one atom/ion gets replaced by another
• Double Replacement reaction - Two compounds react to make a new compound
• Crust - Topmost layer of the earth
• Mantle - The layer of the Earth's crust that is above the core, subdivided into the upper and lower mantle
• Inner core - liquid
• Outer core - solid
• Moho Discontinuity - Separates crust and mantle
• Gutenberg Discontinuity - separates the mantle and outer core
• Lithosphere - rigid outer layer of the earth
• Asthenosphere - Layer where convection of molten rock occur
• Plate tectonics theory - Explains formation, movement and changes of the earth
• Alfred Wegener - States that continents were once part of a single landmass
• PANGEA - the original supercontinent that existed 250 million years ago
• Evidences of plate movement:

  Shape of the Continents - Look like they fit together

  Fossil Distribution - Fossils were found across all continents

  Sea Floor Spreading - Seafloor splits and moves apart: Harry Hammond Hess

  Ridges and Mountain ranges - Forces of Nature

  Large amounts of geologic activity - seismic etc activities
• Plate boundaries:

  Divergent boundary - between two plates that move apart

  Convergent Boundary - between two plates that move toward each other
• Fossils - tells where and when plants and animals once existed
• Faults - Fracture or crack found in the crust
• Types of Fault:

  Normal Fault - caused by tension

  Reverse Fault - caused by compression

  Strike-Slip Fault - caused by shearing
• Earthquake - sudden release of energy from tectonic forces
• Focus - Located on the earths interior in the hard rocks of the lithosphere
• Epicentre - The point directly above the focus
• Seismograph - Instrument that measures ground vibrations during an earthquake
• Primary waves - goes through solid rocks and liquid, faster than other waves
• Secondary Waves - Slower, can only go through solids
• Surface waves - Wave that moves along the outer layer of the earth
• Rock - A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals
• Types of rocks:

  Igneous Rocks - Fire-formed

  Sedimentary Rocks - Formed from sediments

  Metamorphic Rocks - To change shape