ETHICS WEEK 7-11

• Emotional Conditioning and Osmosis – these are the essential parts of acquiring values.
• According to Hinde - we embrace the rules by which we live as we grow up
• According to Aristotle - another factor for moral development is the role model or exemplar, one of the most important things needed in moral development.
• Habituation - is only a tool for developing virtue; true virtue necessitates choice, understanding, and knowledge.
• John Rawls' Three Stages of Moral Development

  Children come to love their parents because their parents demonstrate that their children are enjoyed and valued.

  2. Members of various properly organized and reasonably successful cooperative associations come to enjoy and value their cooperative partnership.

  3. Individuals see how institutions governed by justice principles improve their own and the welfare of their fellow citizens. They get attracted to these concepts and desire to apply and act according to them.
• Preconventional Stage - The traditional stage is when a child's moral sense is externally regulated.
• Conventional Stage - Confirming different social rules is still deemed important when discussing

  conditional levels.
• Post-Conventional Stage - Individual judgment is founded on principles chosen by the individual, and moral reasoning is founded on individual rights and justice.
• According to Damon Colby (2015), we should not refer to neuroscience to study morality because findings from the studies are hard to interpret.
• Damon and Colby (2015) provide three character traits that influence the moral character which a person can cultivate:

  • truthfulness
  • humility
  • faith
• Reason - can tell us what to do
• Kant asserted that not only our desire and happiness can influence our choices, but reason can also influence one’s acts.
• psychological altruism - is the view that we occasionally have completely altruistic motives.
• Smith (2016) further discussed why reason still has a role in our moral decision-making process.
• Impartiality - To be partial toward someone or something is to be relatively biased or prejudiced, which indicates that a partial person only sees a part of the whole picture.
• The three major ethical theories should be discussed:

  Deontological – ethics is based on duty

  Utilitarianism – ethics is based on consequences, the proponents of which are also called consequentialists

  Virtue ethics – ethics is based on virtue.
• Consequentialist impartiality - is a possible interpretation of the demand that morality should be impartial.
• Utilitarianism - is one of the most well-known and important moral philosophies.
• Eudaimonism - This refers to the classical formulation of virtue ethics.
• Ethics of Care - The ethics of care was developed and originated mainly by feminist writers such as Annette Baier in the second half of the 20th century.
• Aristotle developed the concept of apotheosis in “Nicomachean Ethics” of the 4th century BC.
• Symbolic Interactionalism Theory - Theories generally see the self and identify mental constructs that are created and recreated in memory.
• Self-Concept - Although each individual has a distinct self-concept, we may find many traits that are shared by responses on the test from various persons.
• Self-schema - is a stable and long-lasting set of memories that summarize a person's ideas, experiences, and generalizations about the self, especially behavioral domains.
• Self-awareness - is the ability to recognize and understand your own personality, including your strengths and shortcomings, ideas, beliefs, motivation, and emotions.
• Deindividuation - is defined as the loss of individual self-awareness and accountability in groups
• Downward Social Comparison – comparing ourselves with others worse than us to create a positive self-concept and raise self-esteem.
• Upward Social Comparison – comparing ourselves with those who are better than us.
• Self-Control - Knowing yourself allows you to understand what pushes you to resist and build healthy habits.
• Intentionality - It refers to the acts done intentionally.
• Forethought - It enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions.
• Self-reactiveness - It involves making choices and choosing appropriate courses of action, as well as motivating and regulating them.
• Self-reflectiveness - It allows the person to reflect upon and the adequacy of his or her thoughts and actions.