ANATOMY

• Digestive system


  A continuous tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
• Digestive system


  • Measuring about 30 feet long in the average adult
  • Also known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract
• Digestion


  A scientific way of describing how we break down our food
• Calorie


  A unit of energy, used to show how much energy an item of food contains
• Dietary calories


  Referred to as C, where C = 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie
• Nutrients

  • Water
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
• Water


  • The most important nutrient
  • Every cell in the human body needs water
  • Many body processes and chemical reactions take place in water
  • Makes up the bulk of blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids
• Drink at least 1-2 liters (6-8 cups) of water each day
• Not enough water


  Causes problems in circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems
• Carbohydrates


  Nutrients that are the main source of energy for the body
• Proteins


  Nutrients that are the main source of building blocks for the body
• Fats/Lipids


  Used for cellular components, such as cell membranes, and also used for storage of energy
• Vitamins


  • Organic molecules that help regulate body processes (work with enzymes)
  • Most vitamins obtained from food
  • Bacteria in digestive tract synthesize vitamin K
  • Skin synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight
• Minerals


  • Inorganic nutrients that the body needs in small amounts, also called micronutrients
  • Examples: calcium (major component of bones and teeth), iron (makes hemoglobin), magnesium, sodium and potassium
• Digestive system


  A continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus
• In the average adult, the digestive system measures about 30 feet long and is known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract
• Digestion


  The breakdown of food into nutrients, absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and elimination of solid wastes
• Calorie


  A unit of energy used to measure the energy content of food
• Dietary calories are often referred to as Calories
• Foods and their calorie content per 100g

  • Avocado (208 cal)
  • Cheese (371 cal)
  • Fish (147 cal)
  • Carrot (33 cal)
  • Apple (49 cal)
  • Onion (38 cal)
  • Strawberry (22 cal)
  • Candy (41 cal)
  • Peas (81 cal)
  • Milk (58 cal)
  • Bread (266 cal)
  • Rice (130 cal)
  • Orange (47 cal)
  • Lemon (29 cal)
• Daily calorie needs

  Vary based on age, gender, and activity level
• Caloric needs for different age groups and activity levels are provided in a table, with examples for sedentary, moderately active, and active individuals
• The source of the information is Harvard Health Publications
• Calories burned during exercise


  Depend on the type of activity, duration, and individual's weight
• Calories burned in 30 minutes of exercise for different activities and weight categories


  • Weight lifting
  • Swimming
  • Elliptical
  • Stationary bike
  • Walking
  • Jogging
  • Running
  • Rock climbing
  • Jumping rope
• Nutrients

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins and Minerals
• Carbohydrates


  The main source of energy for the body
• Water


  Crucial for bodily functions
• Dehydration


  Can lead to issues in anatomy, physiology, respiratory, and nervous systems
• Proteins


  • Play a vital role in various bodily processes
  • Essential for muscle repair and growth
  • Made up of amino acids, the building blocks of life
• Vitamins and Minerals

  • Crucial for overall health and well-being
  • Support various functions in the body, such as immune system health and metabolism
  • Deficiencies can lead to various health issues
• Water


  • The most important nutrient for the human body
  • Every cell in the body requires water for proper functioning
  • Involved in many bodily processes and chemical reactions
• Bodily Fluids


  • Water makes up the majority of blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids
  • Drinking an adequate amount of water helps maintain proper hydration levels
  • Insufficient water intake can lead to dehydration and subsequent health issues
• Recommended Water Intake

  • At least 1-2 liters of water daily (6-8 cups)
  • Dehydration can cause problems in various bodily systems, including anatomy, physiology, respiratory, and nervous systems
• Complex Carbohydrates


  • Consuming can lead to a drastic increase in insulin levels
  • Insulin is responsible for fat storage in the body
  • Can contribute to weight gain
• Simple Carbohydrates


  • Humans have been consuming processed carbs for a relatively short time compared to their existence on Earth
  • Slower absorption rate leads to more natural insulin levels
  • Choosing over complex carbs can help regulate insulin and blood sugar levels
• Anatomy and Physiology


  The study of the structure and function of the human body
• Cellular Components and Energy Storage

  • Fats/Lipids are used for cellular components like cell membranes and energy storage
• Caloric Nutrients and Vitamins


  • Vitamins are organic molecules that regulate body processes and work with enzymes
  • Most vitamins are obtained from food sources
  • Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the digestive tract
  • Skin synthesizes Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight
  • Vitamin C and B Vitamins are essential for various bodily functions
• Unsaturated Fats and Omega Oils

  • Liquid at room temperature and oily in texture
  • Mainly found in plant products like hempseed and spirulina
  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids are a type of unsaturated fat beneficial for increasing HDL cholesterol levels