4B:diseases

• entamoeba histolytica- parasite causes for bloody diarrhea


  disease: amoebiasis

  incubation period: 2-4 weeks

  transmission: sexual transmission & asymptomatic food handlers

  high risk to: children & malnourished individual

  s&s: headaches, stiff neck, nausea, fever

  Severe s&S: stiff neck, confusion, seizure, coma

  laboratory exam: stool exam & colonoscopy

  treatment: metronidazole
• primary amoebic meningoencephalitis- an acute, fulminant and rapidly fatal CNS infection caused by naegleria fowleri
• gardia lamblia- also known as giardia duodenal

  intestinal protozoa known as cercomonas intestinalis

  2 types of giardiasis: asymptomatic carrier state and giardiasis(traveler's diarrhea)

  treatment: metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide

  high risk: people with weakened immune systems, people in childcare setting

  ss: diarrhea vomiting dehydration

  laboratory diagnosis: stool exam

  treatment: metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide

  prevention: proper handwashing
• 
  

  balantidium coli- more complex than entamoeba H. and a large ciliate in the phylum Ciliophora

  it has a primitive mouth called a cytostome

  incubation period; 3-4 DAYS

  infective stage: cyst

  pathogenic stage: trophozoite

  disease: balantidiasis

  transmission: having a poor hygiene habits

  risk factors: contact with pigs, poor nutrition

  ss: abdominal pain, weight loss

  laboratory exam: tool examination

  if left untreated perforation on the colon can occur
• metronidazole side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, metallic taste in your mouth

  metronidazole adverse effects: stomach pain, headaches, palpitations


  these symptoms of a serious condition called aseptic meningitis
• tinidazole: used to treat infections caused by protozoa or vaginal infections

  onset: 2-7 days to render its full impact or kill the microbes

  it may increase risk in cancer

  it is not advised to take any dairy products along like certain group of antibiotics like tinidazole
• interaction in medicine: alcohol, rifampin, lithium

  side effects: depression, heartburn, swelling of the mouth

  precautions: liver disease, bleeding disorder, breastfeeding
• acanthamoeba: (blood & tissue protozoa) free-living amoeba

  3 main illnesses: eye acanthamoeba keratitis, brain and spinal cord granulomatous encephalitis, an infection that can be spread through the body disseminated infection

  found in: soil, dust, fresh water, seawater

  infection has been linked to poor contact lens hygiene
• acanthamoeba keratitis

  ss: eye pain, eye redness, blurred vision
• granulomatous encephalitis: bone and spinal cord infection

  ss: headaches, nausea, stiff neck, tiredness, seizures
• these infections usually occur in people immunocompromised immune systems and can cause skin lesions- disseminated infection
• practices that can increase the risk of getting acanthamoeba keratitis:

  storage and handling lenses improperly, disinfecting lenses improperly, swimming using hot tub or showering while using lenses

  practices to reduce the risk of getting acanthamoeba keratitis:

  wear and replace contact lenses according to the schedule prescribed by your eye care provider
• treatments:

  amphotericin B- anti-fungal

  azithromycin- anti-microbial

  fluconazole- anti-fungal and yeast infection

  rifampin- anti-microbial

  miltefosine- used to treat leishmaniasis and free-living amoeba infections
• difference of side effects and adverse effects
• hemoflagellates leishmania

  members of 2 genera: 1-genus leishmania (l. donovani, l. tropica, and l. major)

  2-genus: Trypanosoma (t. brucei, t. cruzi)

  a vector borne parasitic disease caused by any more than 25 species of the hemoflagellate leishmania

  • these protozoan require hematin obtained from blood hemoglobin for aerobic respiration
  • resservoir hosts: fox, jackal, rodents and wolves
  • transmission: vector sand fly bit of skin
  • route of infection: exposed skin places
  • all leishmania species are seriously and medically pathogenic
• three major strains of leishmania that resulting clinical manifestation: leishmania donovani- visceral leishmaniasis

  "kala-azar"/ "dum-dum fever

  Leishmania tropica- cutaneous leishmaniasis

  Leishmania braziliensis- mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

  3 morphologic forms:

  promastigote- it can only be seen in the blood sample after transmission

  epimastigotes- found in vector

  amastigote- has no visible external flagella, form of parasite that lives in the human macrophages skin
• common types of cutaneous leishmaniasis: leishmania major & leishmania tropica

  wet type lesions: zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis

  dry type lesions: anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis
• mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: the parasite spread through your nose, throat, mouth that can lead to partial or complete destruction of the mucous membranes
• visceral leishmaniasis ( bone marrow) : is it encountered with splenomegaly and hepatomegaly

  dse: kala-azar

  leishmania donovani- affect adults

  leishmania infantum- affect children