Social and economic issues associated with urbanisation

• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - what is it?

  the unequal distribution of money amongst a population
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - where is it common?

  in urban areas
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - where can affluence can vary greatly across?


  across very short distances
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - what can the variation in housing types and value within very small areas lead to?

  different social groups occupying the area
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - what can happen as housing neighbourhoods change over time?


  large town houses may have been converted into flats for rent
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - when migrants arrive, where are they attracted to?


  large urban areas for jobs but they can't afford this
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - where can migrants afford to live?


  in cheap housing so ethnic groups start to cluster in multicultural groups that persist
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - what can the vicious cycle of urban decay lead to?


  multiple deprivation
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - how is multiple deprivation measured?

  by an index that combines seven indicators: income, employment, health, education, crime, barriers to housing and living environment
• ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - why are economic inequalities higher in the developing world than in the developed world?

  many developing countries lack the resources to support their poorest citizens whereas most developed nations have welfare stated which provide basic services and income for people struggling financially
• ISSUES CAUSED BY ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - p and s unrest

  political and social unrest e.g. rioting
• ISSUES CAUSED BY ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - what rises?

  crime, drug use and violence
• ISSUES CAUSED BY ECONOMIC INEQUALITY - health

  cities with higher levels of income equality have more malnourished children
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY - what is it?


  the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY - what has globalisation increased?

  the flows of people
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY - what is diaspora?


  used to descale a large group of people with a similar homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY - why is cultural diversity common in urban areas?

  because this is where most immigrants first settled due to job prospects
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY - what can ethnic diversity do to an area?


  enrich a character of the city and increase tolerance
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY - what can cultural events and ethnic quarters do?


  attract tourists and therefore boost the cities economy
• ISSUES CAUSED BY CULTURAL DIVERSITY - tension


  tension between different groups can lead to violence
• ISSUES CAUSED BY CULTURAL DIVERSITY - why is there increased pressure on services?

  schools may need extra staff for pupils who can't speak the native languag
• ISSUES CAUSED BY CULTURAL DIVERSITY - how could minority communities feel

  isolated and underrepresented politically
• SOCIAL SEGREGATION - why have inner city areas been the most deprived urban areas?

  due to deindustrialisation and the resulting unemployment
• SOCIAL SEGREGATION - how can ethnic communities become isolated from the wider society?

  they maintain their own language and beliefs and have limited interactions with others outside their own community
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (SELF SEGREGATION) - what do migrants seek?

  the support and security of living near friends and relatives within an ethnic minority community
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (SELF SEGREGATION) - what is there provision of?

  specialist facilities such as places of worship and food shops
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (SELF SEGREGATION) - what is there protection against?

  racial attacks and abuse from the majority population
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (SELF SEGREGATION) - what is maintained?

  culture, language and traditions
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (EXTERNAL FACTORS) - what have migrants traditionally been a source of?


  source of cheap labour which forces them into areas of cheap housing
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (EXTERNAL FACTORS) - what have ethnic minorities been discriminated against?

  access to local authority housing and they've been less successful in securing mortgage loans
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (EXTERNAL FACTORS) - what do they experience from the majority of the population?

  hostility
• REASONS FOR ETHNIC SEGREGATION (EXTERNAL FACTORS) - 'white flight'


  movement of the majority population out of the area into which minority populations have moved
• ISSUES CAUSED BY SOCIAL SEGREGATION - what can lack of integration cause?

  prejudice and discrimination
• ISSUES CAUSED BY SOCIAL SEGREGATION - what will widen inequalities?

  people in some areas may have less access to jobs and education
• ISSUES CAUSED BY SOCIAL SEGREGATION - what health problems can segregation lead to?

  leads to anxiety and negative impacts on health and life expectancy
• ISSUES CAUSED BY SOCIAL SEGREGATION - what affects health and wellbeing in developing countries?

  poorer areas may lack access facilities, they may live close to factories which affects health
• STRATEGIES TO REDUCE POVERTY AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES - what can improving transport links do?

  makes it easier for the urban poor to access jobs
• STRATEGIES TO REDUCE POVERTY AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES - what can subsiding the construction of affordable housing help to do?

  it helps less wealthy people to buy property
• STRATEGIES TO REDUCE POVERTY AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES - what can introducing minimum wages help to do?

  stabilise wage inequalities between poor and rich
• STRATEGIES TO REDUCE POVERTY AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES - what can governments offer?

  subsidies for new companies which increases local employment opportunities