BASTA PSYCH

• Scientist of today, recognizes the important role of the brain in controlling behavior
• Hippocrates (460 BC-370 BC)


  Believed that the brain controlled joy, pain and grief
• Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC)


  Considered brain to be a cooling unit to lower the temperature of the body
• 19th Century Scientist accepted brain is an important mechanism that coordinates and controls behavior. This study was termed phrenology- it was assumed that the cerebral cortex had separate function areas in specific brain regions
• Paul Broca (1824-1880)


  Proved that the destruction of the region within the frontal side of the brain has an effect on language
• Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)


  Measured learning and memory
• Karl S. Lashley (1890-1958)


  An American psychologist and behaviorist, researched on the location of memory functions in the brain
• Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985)

  Showed how complex cognitive behaviors are performed by a network of active neurons
• Santiago Ramon Y. Cajal (1852-1934)

  Proposed a new perspective which he called the neuron doctrine - based on a series of observations that culminated in the concept of the neuron as the single independent unit in the nervous system
• Nervous System


  Includes both the Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
• Central Nervous System (CNS)


  Made up of the brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System


  Made up of the Somatic and the Autonomic nervous systems
• Parts of the Brain


  • Brain stem
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
• Brain Stem


  Also known as the Medulla oblongata, located between the pons and the spinal cord, about one inch long
• Cerebrum


  Bulk of the brain, supported on the brain stem, divided into two hemispheres, each hemisphere controls the activities of the side of the body opposite that hemisphere, further divided into four lobes: Frontal lobe, Temporal lobes, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe
• Cerebellum


  Located behind and below the cerebrum
• Diencephalon


  Also known as the fore brain stem, includes the thalamus and hypothalamus
• Thalamus


  Where sensory and other impulses go and unite
• Hypothalamus


  Plays a crucial role in many important functions, including: releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, maintaining daily physiological cycles, controlling appetite, managing of sexual behavior, regulating emotional responses
• Pituitary Gland


  Part of the endocrine system, main function is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream, can affect other organs and glands like the thyroid, reproductive organs, and adrenal glands
• Broca's Aphasia


  Aphasia is the loss of the ability to understand speech or communicate using language, Broca's aphasia is a non-fluent type resulting from damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe, usually on the left side, which is responsible for speech and motor movement
• Symptoms of Broca's Aphasia

  • Poor or absent grammar
  • Difficulty forming complete sentences
  • Omitting certain words
  • More difficulty using verbs than nouns correctly
  • Difficulty articulating sounds and words
  • Difficulty repeating what has been said by others
  • Trouble with writing sentences
  • Difficulty reading
  • Problems with full comprehension
  • Difficulty following directions
  • Frustration
• Causes of Aphasia

  Anything that causes the death of brain cells, including stroke, brain tumor, injury to the brain, infection in the brain, progressive neurological conditions
• Wernicke's Aphasia


  Fluent aphasia that occurs when the left middle side of the brain becomes damaged or altered, impacts the ability to process the meaning of spoken words
• Symptoms of Wernicke's Aphasia

  • Stringing words together to make sentences that don't make sense
  • Making up words that have no meaning
  • Being unaware of the mistakes in their speech
  • Delivering words in a normal melodic line, even though the content may not make any sense
  • Articulating words normally
  • Having difficulty repeating phrases
  • Adding words when trying to repeat someone
  • Interrupting others and speaking rapidly
• Conduction Aphasia or Associative Aphasia


  Involves trouble repeating certain words or phrases, despite intact auditory comprehension and fluent speech production
• The midbrain provides conduction pathways to and from higher and lower centers, and the pons acts as a pathway to higher structures, containing conduction pathways between the medulla and higher brain centers
• Spinal Cord

  A long tube-like structure extending from the brain, composed of a series of 31 segments with a pair of spinal nerves coming out of each segment, containing both motor and sensory nerves
• Neurons

  The basic structural unit or building block of the nervous system, responsible for receiving sensory input, sending motor commands, and transforming and relaying electrical signals
• Dendrites

  Conduct impulses toward the cell body of the neuron, except in sensory neurons which have a single long dendrite
• Axons

  Conduct impulses away from the cell body to another neuron or tissue, usually only one per neuron
• Myelin Sheath

  White segmented covering around axons and dendrites of many peripheral neurons, allowing for faster impulse transmission, with the neurilemma layer allowing for nerve regeneration
• Types of Neurons


  • Multipolar neurons (one axon, several dendrites)
  • Bipolar neurons (one axon, one dendrite)
  • Unipolar neurons (one process dividing into axon and dendrite)
• Irritability


  The ability of neurons to respond to stimulation and change into an impulse
• Conductivity


  The ability of neurons to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles and glands
• Neurotransmitters


  Chemical substances produced by axons that transmit messages across the synapse
• Heath or Schwann Cells

  White segmented covering around axons and dendrites of many peripheral neurons
• Neurilemma

  • Layer of Schwann cells with a nucleus
  • Function is to allow damaged nerves to regenerate
• Nerves in the brain and spinal cord do not have a neurilemma and, therefore cannot recover when damaged
• Types of Neuron

  • Multipolar neurons
  • Bipolar neurons
  • Unipolar neurons