Lovieeeee bio.....

• GAS EXCHANGE All living organisms obtain energy by metabolizing compounds such as carbohydrates. The process by which organisms require oxygen for metabolism is called respiration. Carbon dioxide gas is produced and must be removed from the body of animals.
• All living organisms obtain energy by metabolizing compounds such as carbohydrates
• The process by which organisms require oxygen for metabolism is called respiration
• Carbon dioxide gas is produced and must be removed from the body of animals
• In plants, carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration, is needed for photosynthesis
• Carbon dioxide must be available to plant cells, and oxygen gas must be removed
• Animals have to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide in order to survive
• Gas exchange


  The essential prerequisite for life to continue
• Diffusion


  The basic mechanism of gas exchange, where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration following a concentration gradient
• Ways in which animals obtain oxygen

  • From the air or water through the moist surface directly into the body
  • From the air or water through a thin, moist body wall of blood vessels
  • From the air through spiracles or a tracheal system to a system of ducts to the tissues
  • From water through moist gill surfaces to blood vessels
  • From the air through moist lungs surface to blood vessels
• Gas Exchange Systems


  • Skin system
  • Gills system
  • Tracheal system
  • Lung system

  
• Plants exchange their gases with the environment in a straightforward way
• In order to carry on photosynthesis, green plants need a supply of carbon dioxide and a means of disposing oxygen
• In aquatic plants, water passes among the tissues providing a medium for gas exchange, while in terrestrial plants, air enters the tissues and the gases diffuse into the moisture bathing the internal cells
• Diffusion is the only process through which much needed oxygen is supplied to all the cells of the plants
• Diffusion occurs in leaves, roots, and stems
• Stomata


  Pores in the leaf that allow gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf

  
• Stomata


  • Regulate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis
  • Are the major avenues for the evaporative loss of water
• Stoma


  The stomatal pore flanked by two guard cells, which regulate the opening and closing of the pore
• Mesophyll


  • The region between the upper and lower epidermal layers of a leaf, consisting mainly of parenchyma cells specialized for photosynthesis
  • Includes the palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll

  
• The air spaces in the mesophyll are particularly large in the vicinity of the stomata, where gas exchange with the outside air occurs
• Roots and stems also have gas exchange processes
• The heart and the blood vessels function to transport substances and together form the circulatory system
• Open circulatory system


  There is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid, which is more correctly called hemolymph
• Closed circulatory system


  Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
• Parts of the circulatory system

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood

  
• Plants take water and mineral nutrients from the soil through the roots and transport it to the leaves
• Using water and carbon dioxide, the leaves prepare food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis

  
• Food is the source of energy, and organisms acquire energy from the breakdown of glucose to carry out essential life processes
• Root hairs


  Play an important role in the absorption of water and minerals by plant roots

  
• Vascular tissues in plants

  • Xylem
  • Phloem

  
• Xylem


  Tissues that form a continuous network of channels connecting roots to the leaves through the stem and transporting water and nutrients to the entire plant

  
• Phloem


  Tissues that transport sugars from the leaves down to the rest of the plant
• Transpiration


  The process by which plants release a lot of water, generating a suction pull that pulls water to great heights in tall trees
• Transpiration cools the plant
• Asexual reproduction


  Reproduction without sex
• Sexual reproduction


  Reproduction involving fusion of gametes
• Parts of the reproductive organs of plants

  • Sepals
  • Petals
  • Stamens
  • Carpels (pistils)
• Flower


  • Reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte
  • Typically composed of four whorls of highly modified leaves called floral organs
• Complete flower


  A flower that is built with four parts: sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens