n5 mods

Created by

Dina Iosad

Cards (57)

Causes of Poverty 
- Poverty cycle
- Full-time carer
- Rising cost of living
- Addiction
- Debt
- Lone parenthood
- COVID-19
- Insecure employment e.g. zero hour contracts
Effects of poverty on individuals
- Digital exclusion (lowers grades and makes it harder to get a good job)
- Poor dental, physical and mental health
Ways the Scottish government measures social inequality
- SIMD (Measures the level of deprivation in different areas over time)
- Wealth Statistic website (Shows how wealth is distributed amongst people, how people accumulate it and how it changes over time)
- Equality evidence finder (Measures amount of children living in poverty)
Barriers to employment/Causes of social inequality in employment
- Discrimination
- Cost of childcare
- Over/Underqualified
- lack of opportunities/poverty trap
Effects of social inequality on individuals
- Individuals experiencing social inequality may need to rely on food banks
- Negative Impact of mental and physical health
- poor diet and housing conditions impact physical health
- stigma of food banks/poverty in general contributes to poor mental health
- Heightened likelihood of turning to substance abuse to cope with stress, depression etc
Effects of social inequality on families
- Families experiencing social inequality may need to rely on food banks and government benefits
- NHS research shows that long-term exposure to poverty has adverse effect on child development/health outcomes
Effects of social inequality on communities
- Communities with widespread multiple deprivation = high proportion of residents with low income = little disposable income
- local businesses suffer as less money spent in local shops
- Average lifespan decreases
- Average male lifespan in Glasgow's poorest communities ten years lower than Glasgow's richest
Effects of social inequality on wider society
- Society with high level of social inequality (e.g. UK) means explosion of food banks that will struggle with donations due to rising living costs and austerity cuts
- Figures show that demand for food banks and donations in UK gone up massively but amount of donations is lagging behind
- Social scientists report that unequal societies have worse health/education outcomes (the spirit level)
Evidence of consequences of social inequalities on communities: Drugs
As of 2021, people in Scotland's most deprived areas 15 times more likely to die due to drug misuse than in Scotland's least deprived areas
Evidence of consequences of social inequalities on communities: Alcohol
As of 2021, alcohol related deaths 5 times more likely in Scotland's most deprived areas compared to least deprived
Consequences of social inequalities on wider society 
Less equal societies = less stable economies: High levels of income inequality have been linked to economic instability, financial crisis, debt and inflation (all of which the UK has been struggling with)

Worse social mobility and education: Unequal societies have less social mobility and lower educational attainment in maths, literacy and science

Worse overall levels of health: Research suggests that life expectancy is longer, and rates of adult/infant mortality and obesity are lower in more equal societies.
Government responses to social inequality
- £170M COVID-19 grant scheme to feed most vulnerable
- £220M to provide extra food and activities for children during school holidays
- Extra £16M for food distribution charities and an increase in value of Healthy Start vouchers
Voluntary sector responses to social inequality
- Food Banks: Give food to people struggling with social inequality so they have food too (E.g. In 2018/19, approx. 1.6M used a food bank)
- Joseph Rowntree Foundation: does reports and studies on poverty and puts pressure on parliament to do something (E.g. September 2023 report 'What protects people from very deep poverty, and what makes it more likely?')
- SocialBite: Gives out over 180,000 articles of hot food and drinks every year
Private sector responses to social inequality
- Ensure workers are paid a living wage: E.g. Iceland ensures all workers are paid at least 2% above the National Living Wage
- Build affordable housing by working with local councils to fund low-cost house projects: E.g. Scottish Futures Trust worked with Ayrshire project to sell new homes to first time buyers for £5000
- Social Bite: Works with UK's biggest employers to get homeless people started on work
Women's inequality in Scotland and UK: Representation
Women underrepresented in Parliament: 34% of Westminster MPs, 45% of MSPs are women
Women's inequality in Scotland and UK: Discrimination in employment
- Pregnancy - 30,000 pregnant women lose their job in the UK every year
- Gender pay gap - women in full time work earn 17% less than men do
UK government responses to gender inequality 
- Equality Act 2010: makes it unlawful to discriminate against someone because of pregnancy or maternity
- Gender pay gap reporting: from April 2017 UK employers with more than 250 staff are required by law to publish average pay of men and women
- Encouraging more girls and women to get into STEM careers: set target to get 15,000 more entries by girls to maths and sciences by 2020
Scottish government responses to gender inequality
- Established Gender Equality in Education and Learning Taskforce to identify measures to address gender inequality
- Considering recommendations from Women in Agriculture Taskforce which was set up to tackle inequality in Scottish agriculture
- Providing Funding to gender equality organisations (E.g. Women and Girls Fund)
Causes of racial inequality in the justice system
- Over-policing/Racial profiling/Discrimination: Black people in the UK up to nine times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people
- Baroness Casey Review 2023: Found the Met police to be institutionally racist
Consequences of racial inequality in the justice system 
Higher rates of imprisonment for some BAME groups in UK as a consequence of over-policing, racial profiling etc fuelled by discrimination: Ethnic minority groups overrepresented in Scottish courts since 2011 (Scottish government review)
Responses to racial inequality in the justice system
- Lammy review 2017: recommendations especially for young officers
- Angolini recommendations 2020
- Baroness Casey 2023: recommendations for Met Police
Causes and Consequences of racial inequality in education
- Higher rates of exclusion in schools for certain BAME groups: Roma children more likely to be excluded

- Discrimination and bias in education leads to gap in educational attainment in school: Evidence from Progress 8 scores and GCSEs shows lower educational score for students of Black Caribbean heritage
Responses to social inequality in education
- Equality Act 2010: Discrimination illegal
- Some councils in Scotland: towards a more diverse and inclusive curriculum
- PEF (Pupil Equity Funding) Scottish gov: Class inequalities often intersectional so PEF can be used to address inequalities
Causes of racial inequality in employment 
Discrimination in hiring practices illegal but still prevalent: Stats show BAME job applicants need to send 60% more applications on average to gain interview
Consequences of racial inequality in employment
Black Britons have highest rates of unemployment in the UK; Consistently double the rate of White employment
Responses to racial inequality in employment
- Equality Act 2010
- WEF UK: Employers can apply for funding to improve diversity in the workplace
Causes + Consequences of racial inequality in income
Discrimination in hiring and pay practices causes a race pay gap: 25% higher earnings for white workers than Black across the UK
Response to racial inequality in income 
- Equality Act 2010
- UK government was going to introduce race pay gap reporting but backtracked
Social causes of terrorism
- Social marginalisation; poverty and inequality
- Social and economic conditions
- Patriarchy; Gender socialisation, Toxic masculinity
Economic causes of terrorism
- Power and greed
- Wealth gap
- Competition for resources
Shining Path (p 
Political/ideological causes: Left wing extremism
Social causes: violence against population by security forces
Economic causes: Wide wealth gap in Peru
Kabul airport bombing by ISIL KP
Political/ideological causes: Religious extremism
Economic causes: power/greed, competition for resources
Plymouth, England - INCEL attack 
Political/Ideological causes: ideological extremism (incel)
Social causes: Toxic Masculinity/Misogyny, Online radicalisation
Boko Haram/ISWA 
Political/Ideological causes: Islamic extremist group
Social causes: Poverty/Inequality, Social marginalisation
Economic causes: Extreme wealth gap/competition for resources
Attack on the US Capitol Jan 6th 2021
Political/Ideological causes: Right wing extremism
Social causes: Radicalisation as a result of societal shifts (COVID)
Socioeconomic causes of terrorism in the Sahel
Economic Insecurity: World Bank lists half of the nations in the Sahel as 'fragile states' (low-income countries with weak state capacity)

Increasing temperatures: Scientists predict temperatures in the Sahel will rise by 3-5 degrees C by 2050, rainfall will decrease and become more erratic -- Agriculture is already struggling and will only further decrease

Significant population growth: annual demographic growth rates ranging from 2.5-4%
Consequences of terrorism 
- 24/7 media coverage
- media coverage/publicity leads to increase in hate crimes: UK saw 500% increase in hate crimes following Christchurch attacks

- Economy suffers
- Cost of attacks/weapons and rebuilding infrastructure is extremely high: In Syria economic cost of the war by 2021 was approx. 1.2 Trillion USD

- Mass displacement
- Destruction of homes forces people to move: in 2022 23M displaced as result of war/terrorism
Political causes of terrorism
- Occupation: Kabul airport bombing by ISIL KP
- Ideological extremism: Teenage white supremacist shooting 13 people (all black) in racially motivated attack at a supermarket in Buffalo, NY
Features of a democracy
- Independent judiciary
- Human rights
- Freedom of speech, press, assembly
- Media free from government influence
- Right to a fair trial
- Right to vote
reasons organisations seek to combat terrorism
UN - terrorism threatens global peace UN seeks to promote
AU - terrorism undermines unity and solidarity between African nations AU seeks to promote
NATO - wish to prevent the spread of terrorism to other NATO countries
GCAD - aims to prevent spread of Da'esh (ISIS) and prevents attacks globally
General - Terrorism seeks to create fear and is politically destabilising and threatens social cohesion and economic growth