g-12

• Reproduction


  The biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents
• Importance of reproduction for animals

  • It is one of the key survivals for species
  • It is a way to continue life
• Forms of reproduction

  • Asexual
  • Sexual
• Sexual reproduction


  A type of reproduction that involves the fusion of specialized reproductive cells (gametes) from two parents, typically a male and a female, resulting in the formation of genetically diverse offspring
• Process of sexual reproduction

  1. Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis in males, oogenesis in females)

  2. Fusion of gametes
• Advantages of sexual reproduction

  • Generation of genetic diversity among offspring through meiosis
• Examples of sexual reproduction

  • Mammals
  • Birds
  • Reptiles
  • Amphibians
  • Most insects
• Asexual reproduction


  A type of reproduction that involves the creation of offspring from a single parent without the fusion of gametes, resulting in genetically identical offspring
• Process of asexual reproduction

  1. Mitosis

  2. Other methods (budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis)
• Examples of asexual reproduction

  • Bacteria
  • Protists
  • Some plants (e.g. strawberries, potatoes)
  • Certain invertebrates (e.g. starfish, hydra)
• Hermaphrodites


  Organisms capable of having both male and female reproductive systems
• Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

  • Advantageous in stable environments due to lack of genetic diversity
  • May limit adaptability to changing conditions due to lack of genetic diversity
• Asexual reproduction methods

  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Parthenogenesis

  
• Animal reproduction is crucial for species survival, with two main methods: sexual and asexual