Treatments

• Inhibit


  To hinder or prevent. In neuropsychology, inhibition occurs when a chemical or chemical process is reduced or stopped.
• Withdrawal 


  The psychical or mental negative effects on a person when they stop or reduce taking some medications. Symptoms can be relatively mild or severe.
• Biological - Biochemical (MAOIs)

  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • the first type of antidepressant developed
  • inhibits the work of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase
  • targets norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
  • have a stronger effect than SSRIs but more side effects
  • side effects: headaches, drowsiness, insomnia, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, diarrhea or constipation...
• Biological - Biochemical (SSRIs)

  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • newer antidepressants
  • stops serotonin from being reabsorbed once it crosses a synapse
  • most commonly prescribed drug
  • less side effects than MAOIs but less effective
  • side effects: dizziness, blurred vision
• Psychological - Beck's Cognitive Restructuring

  • Beck (1979) developed a talking therapy
  • identify illogical thinking and try to change it
  • explaining cognitive triad to the patient
  • asking them to observe and record thoughts
  • patient begins to understand how thoughts affect their behavior
  • tries to identify and isolate the thoughts
  • reattributes negative thoughts and reframes response
• Wiles et al (2013)

  • showed that cognitive restructuring can reduce symptoms in patients immune to medication
  • 469 individuals who all suffered from bipolar
  • treated by either usual type or usual type with CBT
  • found better response to treatment and reduced symptoms with CBT group
• Psychological - REBT

  • developed by Ellis (1962)
  • rational emotive behavioral therapy
  • A - activating event (something happens)
  • B - belief (event causes someone to have a belief)
  • C - consequence (belief leads to a consequence)
  • D - disputation (person must dispute the irrational belief)
  • E - new effect (healthier consequences as a result)
  • focuses on the present
  • challenges beliefs by giving alternatives
• Stoicism


  A philosophy where one of the principles is that the individual is not directly affected by external things but by their own perception of external things.
• Lyons and Woods (1991)

  • conducted a meta - analysis on 70 different REBT studies
  • 236 participants
  • REBT was more successful in showing improvement over baseline measures than control groups