Plants

• Metallic bonding
• Pulmonary Circulation


  1. Carries deoxygenated blood from right side of heart

  2. Goes to lungs

  3. Returns oxygenated blood to left side of heart
• Systemic Circulation


  1. Carries oxygenated blood from left side of heart

  2. To rest of body

  3. Returns deoxygenated blood to right side of heart
• Risk factors for heart disease

  • Poor diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Smoking
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
• Prevention of heart disease

  • Healthy diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol
  • Managing stress
• Epidermal Tissue


  Outer protective layer
• Spongy Mesophyll


  Air spaces for gas exchange
• Xylem


  Transports water and minerals from root to leaves
• Phloem


  Transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant
• Roots


  Absorb water and minerals
• Stem


  Supports plant, transports water, minerals and sugars
• Leaves


  Main site of photosynthesis, gas exchange
• Epidermal cells


  Outermost plant cells, protect plants from water loss and CO2 entry
• Vascular cells


  Xylem and phloem cells, responsible for transport in plants
• Meristem


  Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types, found in areas of active growth, responsible for cell elongation, cell differentiation, and organogenesis.
• Stomata


  Specialized structures on plant leaves that facilitate gas exchange (CO2 and O2) and transpiration (water loss); composed of two guard cells and a stomatal pore.
• Stomatal opening and closure

  Guard cells can open or close stomatal pores in response to changes in environmental conditions, such as light intensity, CO2 levels, and water availability, to optimize gas exchange and water loss.
• Photosynthesis


  Process by which plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose and oxygen.
• Light-dependent reactions


  First stage of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed and converted into ATP and NADPH.
• Calvin cycle


  Second stage of photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed into glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions.
• Xylem and phloem


  Two types of vascular tissue in plants: xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, while phloem transports sugars and other organic compounds from leaves to other parts of the plant.
• Roots


  Part of the plant that absorbs water and minerals from the soil and anchors the plant in place.
• Stems


  Part of the plant that supports the leaves, transports water and sugars, and provides mechanical support to the plant.
• Leaves


  Part of the plant responsible for photosynthesis, where light energy is absorbed and converted into chemical energy.
• Adaptations


  Special features that plants have evolved to help them survive and thrive in their environment, such as deep roots to access water or small leaves to reduce transpiration.
• igneous rock


  A type of rock that is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma.
• delta


  A landform formed when a river floods a plain and deposits sediment.
• denudation


  The process by which the Earth's surface is worn away by the natural forces of weathering and erosion.
• migration


  The movement of people from one place to another, either within a country or from one country to another.
• Life Expectancy


  The average number of years a person can expect to live, measured from birth to death.
• Gross National Income (GNI)


  The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders, including foreign-owned assets and foreign-earned income.
• Infant Mortality Rate


  The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.
• Human Poverty Index (HPI)


  A measure of poverty, including indicators such as income, education, and life expectancy.
• Latitude


  A measure of distance north or south of the equator, ranging from 0° at the equator to 90° at the North or South Pole.
• Longitude


  A measure of distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0° to 180° East or West.
• Relief


  The shape and features of the Earth's surface, including mountains, valleys, and plateaus.
• Elevation


  The height of the Earth's surface above sea level, measured in meters or feet.
• Tectonic Processes


  The movements of the Earth's lithosphere, such as plate movement, faulting, and volcanic activity, shaping the Earth's surface.
• Population Distribution


  The pattern of population density and distribution within and between countries, including reasons for urbanization, migration, and population growth.
• Human Impact on the Environment

  The ways in which human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change, affect the environment and the Earth's systems.