rws

• Topic Sentence


  Tells the reader what the paragraph is going to be about, helps the writing under control, "controlling idea" of a paragraph
• Supporting Sentence


  Makes the topic more interesting, explains the topic more clearly, helps support a topic sentence, proves a paragraph's main idea or topic sentence
• Clincher/Concluding Sentence


  Provides a logical conclusion based on the information found in the supporting sentences, cements the main idea in the reader's mind
• 4 Essential Elements of a Paragraph

  • Unity
  • Order
  • Coherence
  • Completeness
• Unity


  Refers to the extent to which all of the ideas contained within a given paragraph 'hang together' in a way that is easy for the reader to understand, begins with the topic sentence
• Order


  Refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences, whether in chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation detail, helps the reader grasp the meaning and avoid confusion
• Coherence


  Quality that makes your writing understandable, closely related to unity, paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole, uses transition words that show order or logic
• Completeness


  Means a paragraph is well-written, if all sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea
• Paragraph Writing is the foundation of all essay writing
• Composition


  Can either be a paragraph or an essay
• Essay


  A group of paragraphs that talk about one central idea
• Patterns of Development


  • Causal Analysis
  • Narration
  • Description
  • Definition
  • Comparison and Contrast
  • Exemplification
  • Classification
  • Persuasion
  • Problem-Solution
  • Research
• Causal Analysis


  Identifying the causes and effects of a particular situation, events, or a phenomenon, Cause tells why something happens, Effect describes what happens
• Narration


  Tells a story, relates an incident on a series of events that leads to a conclusion or ending, tells the readers when, where, and what happened
• Description


  Gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like, appeals to the reader's senses
• Definition


  Explains a concept, term, or object, to tell what something is, has 3 parts: term/concept/subject, general class, characteristics that differentiate it
• Comparison and Contrast


  Common in writing in many academic disciplines, has a unifying idea or purpose, must be balanced in such a way that there is an equal amount of information for each subject to avoid bias
• Exemplification


  One of the most common and effective ways to show or explain an idea or point, main idea is explained by giving an extended example or a series of detailed examples
• Classification


  Sorting or arranging subjects into groups or categories according to their common or shared characteristic
• Persuasion


  Intends to convince readers to do or believe in something, allows you to express your personal conviction or opinion an issue or topic and make the readers agree with
• 3 Common Techniques in Developing Persuasive Paragraph

  • Using Evidence
  • Giving Examples
  • Attacking an Opposing View
• Problem-Solution


  Used to deal with topics that pose problems and present solution in a logical manner, Problem is an unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties, Solution is a way to deal with the situation so that the troubles or difficulties are removed
• Research


  Critical and systematic investigation of a given phenomenon
• Parts of the Research Paper


  • Title Page
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Area of Focus
  • Related Literature
  • Research Questions
  • Data Analysis and Interpretation
  • Interpretation of Data
  • Action Plan
  • Recommendations
• Arrangement


  A method of organization designed around the purpose of a text
• Patterns of Development


  Logical ways to organize an entire text or individual paragraphs and section of a text
• Descriptive Paragraph


  • Has concrete and specific details to paint a picture in the mind of the reader
• Three Parts of a Definition Paragraph

  • Term, Concept, or Subject to be defined
  • General Class to which it belongs
  • Characteristics that differentiate it from
• Problem


  An unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties
• Solution


  A way to deal with the situation so that the troubles or difficulties are removed
• Variations of the Problem-Solution Pattern

  • Parts of the Research Paper
• Parts of the Research Paper

  • Title Page
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Area of Focus
  • Related Literature
  • Research Questions
  • Data Analysis and Interpretation
  • Interpretation of Data
  • Action Plan
  • Recommendations
• Research Process


  • Planning your Research
  • Finding Primary Sources
  • Finding Sources in the Library (Secondary Sources)
  • Making a Working Bibliography
• Planning your Research

  • Work with a familiar subject
  • Try something new that piques your interest
  • Browse through available research materials
• Finding Primary Sources


  • Observations
  • Interviews
• Interviews


  • Planning and setting-up interviews
  • Notetaking
• Paraphrasing


  Taking one whole paragraph
• Summarizing


  Only a gist of your research material and much shorter than the original text
• Quoting


  Acknowledgement of any idea taken from another source by placing selected passages inside a quotation mark