Digestive

• Digestive system disorders


  • ANOREXIA
  • NAUSEA
  • VOMITING
  • DIARRHEA
  • CONSTIPATION
  • FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES
  • PAIN
  • MALNUTRITION
  • CONGENITAL DEFECTS
  • INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
  • INFECTIONS
  • DENTAL PROBLEMS
  • HYPERKERATOSIS
  • ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
  • HIATAL HERNIA
  • DYSPHAGIA
  • GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
  • GASTRITIS
  • GASTRIC CANCER
  • PEPTIC ULCER
  • DUMPING SYNDROME
  • PYLORIC STENOSIS
  • JAUNDICE
  • HEPATITIS
  • CIRRHOSIS
  • CELIAC DISEASE
  • DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
  • APPENDICITIS
  • COLORECTAL CANCER
  • INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
  • GALLBLADDER DISORDERS
  • LIVER CANCER
  • ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  • ORAL CAVITY CANCER
  • SALIVARY GLAND DISORDERS
• Vomiting process


  1. Taking a deep breath

  2. Closing the glottis and raising the soft palate

  3. Ceasing respiration

  4. Relaxing the gastro-esophageal sphincter

  5. Contracting of the abdominal muscles

  6. Promoting expulsion of the contents of the stomach by reverse peristaltic waves
• Vomitus


  Matter that has been vomited
• Characteristics of vomitus


  • Hematemesis (coffee grounds)
  • Yellow or greenish stained vomitus (contains bile)
  • Deeper brown color (typical of recurrent vomiting in persons with intestinal obstruction)
  • Recurrent vomiting of undigested food (indicates a problem with gastric emptying, such as pyloric obstruction)
• Diarrhea


  Excessive frequency of stools, usually loose or watery consistency, may be acute or chronic
• Types of diarrhea


  • Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic)
  • Small-volume diarrhea
  • Steatorrhea (fatty diarrhea)
• Blood in stool


  • Frank (red blood, often on the surface of the stool)
  • Occult (small, hidden amounts of blood)
  • Melena (dark-colored stool that results from significant bleeding)
• Constipation


  Condition in which there are less frequent bowel movements and passage of small hard stools
• Causes of constipation


  • Inadequate dietary fiber
  • Failure to respond to defecation reflex
  • Muscle weakness and inactivity
  • Neurologic disorders
  • Drugs such as opiates and other CNS depressants
  • Some antacids, iron medications, and bulk laxatives
  • Obstruction caused by tumors or strictures
• Fluid and electrolyte imbalances


  Dehydration and hypovolemia are common complications of digestive tract disorders
• Pain in the digestive system

  • Visceral pain (accompanied by pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting)
  • Somatic pain (steady, intense, well-localized abdominal pain)
• Malnutrition


  Nutritional deficits may be limited or general and have many causes related to gastrointestinal function
• Upper gastrointestinal disorders


  • DISORDERS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
  • CONGENITAL DEFECTS
  • INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
  • INFECTIONS
  • DENTAL PROBLEMS
  • ORAL CAVITY CANCER
  • SALIVARY GLAND DISORDERS
  • DYSPHAGIA
  • ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
  • HIATAL HERNIA
  • GASTROESOPHAGEAL DISEASE
  • GASTRITIS
  • PEPTIC ULCER
  • ACUTE GASTRITIS
  • GASTROENTERITIS
  • CHRONIC GASTRITIS
  • GASTRIC CANCER
  • DUMPING SYNDROME
  • PYLORIC STENOSIS
• Cleft lip


  Unilateral or bilateral, results from failure of the maxillary processes to fuse with the nasal elevations or failure of the upper lip to fuse
• Cleft palate


  Involves failure of the hard and soft palates to fuse, creating an opening between the oral cavity and nasal cavity
• Aphthous ulcers


  Small, shallow, painful lesions occurring on the movable mucosa, often accompany fevers, stress, or ingestion of certain foods
• Congenital defects


  Defects present at birth
• Congenital defects between 7 to 12 weeks of gestation


  Creating an opening between the oral cavity and nasal cavity
• Infant with congenital defects


  • Feeding problems due to insufficient force development in the mouth to suck
  • High risk of aspirating fluid into the respiratory passages
  • Speech development is also impaired
• Temporary measures for congenital defects


  Use of special nipples or dental appliances that close off the nasal cavity
• Surgical repair of congenital defects

  Additional plastic surgery to correct growth defects or to improve appearance is probably indicated
• Aphthous ulcers (aphthous stomatitis or canker sores)


  Small, shallow, painful lesions occurring on the movable mucosa
• Aphthous ulcers


  Often accompany fevers, stress, or ingestion of certain foods
• Oral cavity microflora


  Large and varied resident flora that thrive in the crevices of the mouth where it is moist and warm and food particles provide plentiful nutrients
• Oral microorganisms are generally harmless but can cause opportunistic infections, such as candidiasis
• Oral candidiasis (thrush)


  Common fungal infection that occurs in individuals who have taken broad-spectrum antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, glucocorticoids, or have diabetes (or are immunosuppressed)
• Nystatin (Mycostatin)


  Topical antifungal agent used to treat oral candidiasis
• Herpes simplex type 1 infection (HSV-1)

  Herpetic stomatitis may be associated with herpes labialis (cold sores or fever blisters)
• Herpes simplex type 1 infection

  1. Transmitted by kissing or close contact, often in childhood

  2. When activated by stress, trauma, or another infection (common colds), the virus migrates along the nerve to the skin or mucosa around the mouth, causing a burning or stinging sensation at the site

  3. The lesions heal spontaneously in 7 to 10 days
• Syphilis


  Oral lesions that contain microorganisms and are highly contagious during the first and second stages
• Stages of syphilis


  1. Primary stage is characterized by a chancre, a painless ulcer usually found on the tongue, lips or palate

  2. Second stage may be manifested by red macules papules on the palate, similar to the typical skin rash occurring at this stage
• Treatment of syphilis


  Both stages are treated with penicillin, usually by injection
• Dental caries (tooth decay or cavities)

  Infection involving Streptococcus mutans (as the initiator), followed by increased numbers of Lactobacillus and other acid-producing resident flora in the oral cavity
• Factors promoting dental caries

  Frequent intake of sugar and the presence of multiple pits or fissures in the tooth surface
• Other factors increasing dental caries incidence

  Xerostomia (dry mouth), plaque formation, and periodontal disease
• Periodontitis


  Infection and damage to the periodontal ligament and bone by microorganisms, and subsequent loosening and possible loss of the teeth
• Causes of periodontal disease

  Poor oral hygiene, but can also be aggravated by systemic diseases and medications
• Gingivitis


  Inflammation of the gingiva (gum) causing the gingival tissue to become red, soft and swollen and to bleed easily
• Causes of gingivitis


  • Accumulated plaque, which is a mass of bacteria and debris adhering to the tooth, particularly near the gingivae
  • Calculus, or tartar, refers to calcified plaque
  • Poor oral hygiene also predisposes to gingivitis
• Toothbrush trauma


  Improper or excessive brushing