AP Bio Exam Review

• Element


  A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
• Oxygen


  A gas produced by plants during photosynthesis that animals use for respiration
• Nitrogen

  element found in proteins and nucleic acids
• Nucleus


  the center of an atom, which contains the protons and neutrons
• isotopes


  Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
• ionic bond

  Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
• covalent bond


  A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
• hydrogen bond


  weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
• Ions


  charged particles
• nonpolar covalent bond


  a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
• polar covalent bond


  A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
• polar molecule


  molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
• Cohesion


  an attraction between molecules of the same substance, like water and water
• Adhesion


  An attraction between molecules of different substances, like and water and another substance
• surface tension


  the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and explains why an insect can "walk" on water
• heat capacity


  the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.
• expansion on freezing


  water forms a crystalline structure that expands and is less dense than its liquid state
• adhesive


  able to stick fast to a surface or object; sticky.
• capillary action


  ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity
• acidic


  pH less than 7 due to a higher concentration of H+ ions
• basic


  pH greater than 7 due to a higher concentration of OH- ions
• neutral


  pH of 7
• Alkaline


  basic or having a pH of greater than 7
• pH scale


  measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
• organic compounds


  carbon-based molecules
• inorganic compounds


  Compounds that do not contain carbon
• Polymer


  A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
• Monomer


  A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
• Carbohydrates


  macromolecule made up of monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  monomer of carbohydrates like glucose
• disacharidases


  carbohydrates made up of TWO monosaccharides like maltose
• poysaccharides


  polymer of carbohydrates that is made of up of many monosaccharides like starch and glycogen
• Glucose


  monosaccharide that gets broken down in cellular respiration
• Fructose


  A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey
• dehydration synthesis (condensation)


  reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed
• Hydrolysis


  Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
• Starch


  A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
• Cellulose


  A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
• Glycogen


  An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
• amino acids


  building blocks of proteins