history germany pt 2

    Cards (12)

    • gestapo
      • Set up in 1933
      • Did not wear uniforms and followed up reports and information about the general public making critical comments/ actions
      • Spied on people, tapped phones, used torture when questioning people
      • Only about 30,000 people out of 80 million
    • the ss
      • Controlled by Himmler
      • Range of roles e.g. Hitler’s bodyguard
      • Nazi Party police force – involved in rallies, running concentration camps.
    • the sd
      • Security service
      • Created by Himmler in 1931
      • Spied on known opponents
      • Kept records with the details
    • conc camps
      • Labour/prison camps
      • First opened in Dachau in March 1933
      • Usually in remote areas, away from public attention
      • Contained political prisoners, ‘undesirables’ such as homosexuals and minority groups
    • nazi control on judges
      • Trial by jury was abolished and trials were decided by single judges
      • These were all members of the Nazi Party
      • New People’s Court was created to hear cases of treason against the state
      • Trials held in secret
      • No right of appeal
    • nazi control on church
      • 1933 – Protestant Pastors set up the Pastor’s Emergency League (PEL) to oppose the Reich Church
      • They set up the Confessing Church in 1934 - 6,000/8,000 pastors joined this
      • Individual pastors such as, Martin Niemoller openly criticised Hitler but 800 ended up in concentration camps
    • nazi control on church
      • Individual Catholic priests spoke out, especially Cardinal Galen
      • Galen was not punished but 2 priests who printed his sermons were arrested and sent to concentration camp
      • 400 Catholic priests were imprisoned at Dachau
      • Confessing Church and Catholic Church had lots of popular support, but was not organised opposition
    • goebbels use of propoganda
      • Goebbels became Minister for Propaganda and Enlightenment in 1933
      • Sporting events incorporated the Nazi salute and the swastika – reinforcing the importance of physical fitness
      • Films had underlying messages, e.g. the hero was Aryan in appearance, and Jews were always shown as deceitful and greedy
      • The 1936 Berlin Olympics - opportunity to display Aryan superiority. Germany won 33 medals. Stadium held 110,000 people (largest in the world.)
    • censorship
      • New books could not be published without approval from the Chamber of Culture and existing books were censored
      • Radio broadcasts could be censored, and all stations were under Goebbels’ control
      • Newspapers opposing the Nazis were closed down e.g. 1,600 in 1935
    • nazi control of art
      • Disapproved of modern art, preferred romanticised views of Germany’s past and a focus on families, country life, loyalty and self-sacrifice
      • Modern architecture such as Bauhaus style which had developed in Weimar Germany was disliked
      • Jazz music was banned because it had originated among black musicians, and the works of Mendelssohn were also banned because he was partly Jewish
      • The Reich Chamber of Culture was set up in 1933 with separate departments covering art, literature, music (all run by Goebbels).
    • opposition from youth
      • Number of young people did not want to join the Hitler Youth
      • Groups developed in working class areas of big cities e.g. Roving Dudes in Essen
      • Each group identified themselves by wearing the white edelweiss flower and were known as the Edelweiss Pirates
      • Edelweiss Pirates were mainly teenagers, especially young males who resented the military discipline of Hitler Youth, also wore hair long and copied American style
    • opps from youth
      • Activities similar to Hitler Youth – singing, hiking, camping but also told anti-Nazi jokes and painted graffiti
      • Swing Youth movement was middle-class youth who admired American and British culture
      • Met and played jazz, smoked and drunk alcohol
      • Youth opposition was limited, only about 2,000 Edelweiss Pirates
      • Tended to focus on resisting ideas than organising opposition