Cardiology

• Base

  opposite the apex and is its posterior

  aspect. It is formed by the atria (upper

  chambers of the heart), mostly the left atrium.
• APEX

  pointed

  • Formed by the tip of the left ventricle

  (lowered chamber of the heart and rest on the

  diaphragm). It is directed anteriorly, inferiorly,

  and to the left.
• Generating blood pressure Routing blood Ensuring one way blood flow Regulating blood supply


  Functions of the heart
• pericardium


  Membrane that surrounds and protects the

  heart

  • Confines the heart to its position

  (mediastinum) while allowing sufficient

  freedom of movement for vigorous and rapid

  contraction
• Fibrous pericardium

  serous pericardium

  2main arts of pericardium
• FIBROUS PERICARDIUM


  It is composed of tough, inelastic, dense

  irregular connective tissue.

  It resembles a bag that attaches to the

  diaphragm.

  Its open end is fused to the connective tissue

  of the blood vessels entering and leaving the

  heart.

  • It prevents overstretching of the heart,

  provides protection, and anchors the heart

  in the mediastinum.
• FIBROUS PERICARDIUM

  Superficial

  • The ______near the APEX is

  partially fused to the central tendon of the

  diaphragm and therefore, movement of the

  diaphragm (deep breathing) facilitates the

  movement of blood by the heart
• Serous pericardium

  Deeper

  • Thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a

  double layer around the heart
• 1. PARIETAL LAYER
  2. VISCERAL LAYER(EPICARDIUM)

  2 parts of serous pericardium
• VISCERAL LAYER

  (EPICARDIUM)

  Inner

  o Also called the epicardium

  o Adheres tightly to the walls of the

  hear
• PARIETAL LAYER

  Outer

  o Fused to the fibrous pericardium
• PERICARDIAL FLUID

  Between the parietal and visceral layer

  Thin film of lubricating serous fluid

  Slippery secretion of the pericardial cells

  • Reduces friction between the layers of the

  serous pericardium as the heart moves
• EPICARDIUM

  This thin, transparent outer layer of the

  heart wall is composed of mesothelium.

  Beneath the mesothelium is a variable layer of delicate fibroelastic tissue and

  adipose tissue.
• Adipose tissue


  predominates and become the thickest over the

  ventricular surfaces where it

  houses the major coronary and

  cardiac vessels
• bloodvessels, lymphatics, and vessels

  what does epicardium contains
• blood

  vessels, lymphatics, and vessels

  Supply the myocardium
• MYOCARDIUM

  It is responsible for the pumping action of the

  heart and is composed of cardiac muscle

  tissue.
• Myocardium

  95% of the heart wall
• Myocardium

  Middle portion of the heart
• ENDOCARDIUM

  • It is a thin layer of endothelium overlying a

  thin layer of connective tissue.
• Endocardium

  It provides a smooth lining for the chambers

  of the heart and covers the valves of the heart.

  • The smooth endothelial lining minimizes the

  surface friction as blood passes through the

  heart.
• Endocardium

  Innermost portion of the heart
• Epicardium

  mycardium

  endocardium

  Layers of the heart
• R/L Atrium

  R/L Ventricles

  FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART:
• Atria

  two superior receiving chambers

  • receive blood from the blood vessels returning

  blood to the heart called veins
• Ventricles

  two inferior pumping

  chambers

  • eject the blood from the heart in the blood

  vessels called arteries.
• Veins

  Blood vessel carrying blood TOWARDS the

  heart
• Arteries

  Blood vessel carrying blood AWAY from heart
• THE RIGHT ATRIUM

  forms the right surface of the heart and receives

  blood from three veins
• o the superior vena cava,

  o inferior vena cava, and

  o coronary sinus.

  Three veins in Right Atrium
• 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in.)

  in average thickness.

  Thickness of Right Atrium
• tricuspid valve

  Blood passes from the right atrium into the

  right ventricle through a valve that is called

  the______
• Rights ventricle

  can be found below the right atrium.
• 4–5 mm (0.16–0.2 in.) in average thickness and

  forms most of the anterior surface of the heart.

  Thickness of right ventricle
• interventricular

  septum.

  The right ventricle is separated from the left

  ventricle by a partition called the________
• pulmonary valve

  Blood passes from the right ventricle through

  the into a large artery called the

  pulmonary trunk
• Pulmonary trunk

  divides into right

  and left pulmonary arteries and carries blood

  to the lungs.
• THE LEFT ATRIUM

  is about the same thickness as the right atrium and

  forms most of the base of the heart. It receives

  blood from the lungs through four pulmonary

  veins.
• Bicupid

  Blood passes from the left atrium into the left

  ventricle through the_____
• Biscupid

  It is also called as the mitral or the left

  atrioventricular valve.