DNA,RNA + Protein synthesis

• Anticodon - sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotides on a molecule of tRNA that's complementary to a particular codon on mRNA
• ATP - nucleotide found in all living organisms which is produced during respiration and is important in the transfer of energy as the energy is stored in the high energy bonds between the phosphate groups
• autosomes - non sex chromosome
• Codon - sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA for one amino acid
• Complementary DNA - DNA that is made from messenger RNa in a process that is the reverse of normal transcription
• Degenerate - single amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon
• DNA polymerase - catalyse the condensation reaction that joins nucleotides of the new strand of DNA
• DNA helicase - unwinds the DNA by catalysing the breakdown of hydrogen bonds
• Gene - section of DNA on a chromosome coding for one or more polypeptides
• Genetic variation - variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes
• Human genome - totality of the DNA sequence on the chromosome of a single human cell
• Pentose sugar - sugar that contains five carbon atoms such as ribose and deoxyribose
• RNA polymerase - in transcription in catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen bonds and uncoils the DNA
• Semi-conservative replication - DNA extracts copies of itself by unwinding the double helix so that each chain acts as a template from the next
• Transcription - the process of copying a gene's DNA sequence to make a singular mRNA molecule
• Translation - mRNA joins with a ribosome in order to synthesise a protein
• Amino acid structure - R group, amino group NH2, carboxyl group and a hydrogen bonded to a carbon
• Evidence for semi-conservative replication - Meselson and Stahl's experiment 1- one sample of bacteria grown for many generations in N14 broth and another in N15 making the nitrogen part of the bacterias DNA 2- a sample of DNA taken from each batch of bacteria and spun in a centrifuge with the N15 settling lower down than the N14 due to it being heavier
• Meselson and Stahl's experiment 2 - The N15 bacteria was taken out and put in a broth containg only light nitrogen and left for one round of replication then taken out and spun in a centrifuge 3 - due to the replication being semi-conservative the new bacterial DNA molecules contain one strand of DNA containing N15 and another containing N14 so it settles once centrifuged in the middle of where the separate DNA with only N14 and N15 strands
• Eukaryotic cells - the DNA double helix is wound around histone proteins and then is coiled up repeatedly to form a single chromosome
• Prokaryotic cell - the DNA double-helix condenses by supercoiling to fit into the cell
• DNA replication - DNA helicase enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds then the original strands become template strands and complementary free floating DNA nucleotides are attracted to the complementary exposed bases hydrogen bond forms and DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction joining the two bases together (phosphodiester bond)