From War to Peace: 1973-1995

• Yom Kippur War

  1973 conflict leading to peace talks between Israel and Egypt.
• Shuttle Diplomacy

  Henry Kissinger's rapid diplomacy trips for Middle East agreements.
• Camp David Agreement

  1978 peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, brokered by the US.
• Sadat

  Egyptian leader seeking peace with Israel after the Yom Kippur War.
• PLO

  Palestine Liberation Organization, involved in peace negotiations.
• UN Agreement

  1975 pact ensuring forces withdrawal from the Suez Canal.
• Oil Weapon

  Strategy by Arab states to influence global politics using oil.
• Framework Agreement

  Terms for establishing peace treaties between Israel and Arab states.
• Golan Heights

  Territory where Syrian-Israeli disengagement agreement was reached.
• Knesset

  Israeli Parliament where Sadat addressed for peace negotiations.
• Washington Treaty

  1979 agreement focusing on Egypt-Israel relations and the Sinai.
• Prisoners of War Exchanges

  Agreements for the release of captured soldiers between warring nations.
• Olive Branch for Peace


  Symbolic gesture by Arafat towards peaceful negotiations.
• Washington Treaty, 1979

  Focused on Egypt-Israel relations, Sinai withdrawal, Suez Canal access
• Sadat's Motives

  Recover Sinai, rebuild Egypt, seek Western cooperation
• Begin's Motives

  Realize Israel's vulnerability, negotiate peace for security
• Carter's Motives


  Promote Middle East peace, stabilize the region, prevent US economic vulnerability
• Camp David Agreement, 1978


  Led to Sadat's assassination, split opinions in Israel
• Arab League's Response

  Expelled Egypt, relocated headquarters, showed discontent with Sadat
• Yasser Arafat's Reaction

  Denounced false peace, expressed anger over lack of progress for Palestinians
• US Support

  Aided Egypt, continued backing Israel, aimed for stability in the region
• Middle East Stability

  Improved state relations, reduced major wars since 1973
• Israeli-PLO Conflict in Lebanon

  PLO moved to Lebanon, frequent attacks on Israel, Israeli retaliations
• Fatahland

  Southern Lebanon, controlled by PLO militants, base for attacks on Israel
• 1978-79 Discussions

  Mixed achievements: success in Egypt-Israel relations, little progress on Palestinian settlement
• Lebanese Civil War

  Conflict between Christian-led government forces and Muslim opponents in Lebanon from 1975
• Operation Litani


  Israeli military response in 1978 to destroy PLO bases in southern Lebanon
• Coastal Road Massacre

  Notable raid in March 1978 leading to Israeli military response
• Operation Peace for Galilee

  Israeli invasion of Lebanon from June 1982 to 1985
• Sabra and Shatilla Massacre

  Widespread massacre in September 1982 resulting in over 2,000 civilian deaths
• Peace Now

  Mass protest movement in Israel against the war in Lebanon
• Ariel Sharon

  Israeli Army commander forced to resign over his knowledge of atrocities at Sabra and Shatilla
• Buffer-zone

  Pre-agreed area between Israel and Lebanon where Israel withdrew to between 1983-85
• Tunisia


  Location where Yasser Arafat moved his headquarters after leaving Lebanon
• Operation Peace for Galilee Troop Numbers

  170,000 troops, 3,500 tanks, 600 aircraft involved in the invasion
• International Outcry

  Response to high civilian casualties in Beirut leading to US intervention
• Commission of Enquiry

  Investigation set up to determine the events at Sabra and Shatilla
• Israel's Achievements in Lebanon


  Removal of the organized PLO and its leadership from Lebanon
• Hezbollah


  Islamic militia force challenging Israel, aiding Palestinians
• First Intifada


  Palestinian uprising from 1987-1993 against Israeli rule