Superpower intervention in the Middle East, 1974-2012

• Shuttle Diplomacy

  Negotiation method used by Henry Kissinger for peace talks.
• Camp David Accords

  Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt brokered by President Carter in 1978.
• Yom Kippur War

  Conflict in 1973 leading to peace talks and superpower involvement.
• Gulf War

  Conflict in 1990-91 impacting US influence in the Middle East.
• Oslo Accords

  Peace agreements between Israel and the PLO, recognized in 1993.
• Gorbachev

  Soviet leader from 1985 focused on internal reforms and cooperation with the West.
• Roadmap for Peace

  Initiative overseen by President George W. Bush in 2003 for Middle East peace.
• Southern Baptist

  Religious affiliation of President Carter influencing his pursuit of peace.
• First Gulf War

  Conflict in 1990-91 involving the US and other Arab states against Iraq.
• Vladimir Putin

  Russian leader increasingly involved in the Middle East since 2013.
• PLO

  Palestine Liberation Organization, lost significant backing post-1991.
• Soviet Union

  Superpower with reduced role post-1970s due to internal issues and collapse in 1991.
• Islamic Militants

  Groups like ISIS targeted by Russia in eastern Syria for support of Assad.