New system circuit

• Systemic Circuit


  • Peripheral distribution of arteries and veins on the left and right sides of the body are generally identical, except near the heart
  • Corresponding arteries and veins run parallel to each other
  • A single vessel may have several names as it crosses specific anatomical boundaries
  • Tissues and organs are usually serviced by several arteries and veins
  • Adjacent arteries and veins anastomose

  
• The Systemic Circuit


  1. Ascending Aorta begins at the left ventricle; left and right coronary arteries originate at its base (superior to aortic valve)

  2. The three branches from the aortic arch are the Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid, and Left Subclavian Artery

  3. Brachiocephalic Trunk gives rise to the Right Common Carotid and Right Subclavian

  4. Subclavian Arteries branch into Internal Thoracic Artery, Vertebral Artery, and Thyrocervical trunk before leaving the thoracic cavity

  5. Subclavian Artery extends past the clavicle & becomes the Axillary Artery, which branches into Humeral Circumflex, Brachial Artery, Radial, and Ulnar

  6. Common Carotid Arteries branch into External Carotid and Internal Carotid

  7. The Descending Aorta is divided by the diaphragm into Thoracic Aorta and Abdominal Aorta

  8. Thoracic Aorta branches into Visceral Arteries (unpaired) and Parietal Arteries (paired)

  9. Abdominal Aorta gives rise to 3 unpaired arteries (Celiac Trunk, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric) and 5 paired arteries (Inferior Phrenic, Suprarenal, Renal, Gonadal, Lumbar)

  10. Near L4, the abdominal aorta divides to form the right & left Common Iliac Arteries, which then divide into Internal Iliac and External Iliac Arteries

  
• Visceral Arteries (unpaired)


  Bronchial Artery, Pericardial Artery, Oesophageal Artery, Mediastinal Artery

  
• Parietal Arteries (paired)


  Intercostal arteries, Superior Phrenic arteries

  
• Celiac Trunk


  Branches into Left gastric artery, Splenic artery, and Common Hepatic artery

  
• Superior Mesenteric Artery


  Supplies blood to pancreas, duodenum, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

  
• Inferior Mesenteric Artery


  Supplies blood to terminal portions of the colon & rectum

  
• Inferior Phrenic Arteries


  Supply blood to the inferior surface of the diaphragm and inferior oesophagus

  
• Suprarenal Arteries


  Supply blood to the adrenal glands
• Gonadal Arteries


  Supply blood to testes & scrotum; ovaries, uterine tubes & uterus

  
• Lumbar Arteries


  Supply blood to vertebrae, spinal cord & abdominal wall

  
• Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Limbs

  1. Near L4, the abdominal aorta divides to form the right & left Common Iliac Arteries

  2. At the lumbosacral joint, each common iliac artery divides to form an Internal iliac artery and an External iliac artery

  
• Internal Jugular veins


  Empty into the brachiocephalic veins
• External Jugular veins


  Empty into the Subclavian vein
• Vertebral Veins


  Empty into the brachiocephalic veins
• Brachial vein


  Becomes the Axillary Vein
• Axillary vein


  Enters axilla and empties into the Subclavian vein
• Subclavian vein


  Merges with the Internal Jugular vein forming the Brachiocephalic Vein
• Right and Left Brachiocephalic Veins

  Merge to form the Superior Vena Cava at the level of the first and second ribs
• Azygos vein


  The main tributary of the superior vena cava
• Hemiazygos vein


  Empties into Azygos vein
• Azygos & Hemiazygos Veins

  Chief collecting vessels of the thorax, collect blood from intercostal veins, oesophageal veins, and veins draining other mediastinal structures

  
• Common iliac Vein


  External & Internal iliac Veins fuse to form the Common iliac Vein, which then fuse to form the Inferior Vena Cava
• Inferior Vena Cava


  Collects blood from Lumbar Veins, Gonadal Veins, Hepatic Veins, Renal Veins, Suprarenal Veins, and Phrenic Veins
• Hepatic Portal System


  A portal system is a blood vessel connecting two capillary beds, in this case beginning in the capillaries of the digestive organs and ending in the liver sinusoids, delivering absorbed compounds directly to the liver
• Hepatic Portal Vein

  Receives blood from the Inferior Mesenteric Vein, Splenic Vein, and Superior Mesenteric vein

  
• Hepatic Portal System

  • The Hepatic Portal Vein also receives blood from the Left and Right Gastric veins and the Cystic Vein
  • Blood enters the liver via the hepatic portal vein and leaves the liver via the Hepatic Vein which then enters the Inferior Vena Cava

  
• Aortic Branches are


  Brachiocephalic, left common corticoid, left subclavian artery
• Systemic Circuit


  • Peripheral distribution of arteries and veins on the left and right sides of the body are generally identical, except near the heart
  • Corresponding arteries and veins run parallel to each other
  • A single vessel may have several names as it crosses specific anatomical boundaries
  • Tissues and organs are usually serviced by several arteries and veins
  • Adjacent arteries and veins anastomose
• The Systemic Circuit


  1. Ascending Aorta begins at the left ventricle; left and right coronary arteries originate at its base (superior to aortic valve)

  2. The three branches from the aortic arch are the Brachiocephalic Trunk, Left Common Carotid, and Left Subclavian Artery

  3. Brachiocephalic Trunk gives rise to the Right Common Carotid and Right Subclavian

  4. Subclavian Arteries branch into Internal Thoracic Artery, Vertebral Artery, and Thyrocervical trunk before leaving the thoracic cavity

  5. Subclavian Artery extends past the clavicle & becomes the Axillary Artery, which branches into Humeral Circumflex, Brachial Artery, Radial, and Ulnar

  6. Common Carotid Arteries branch into External Carotid and Internal Carotid

  7. The Descending Aorta is divided by the diaphragm into Thoracic Aorta and Abdominal Aorta

  8. Thoracic Aorta branches into Visceral Arteries (unpaired) and Parietal Arteries (paired)

  9. Abdominal Aorta gives rise to 3 unpaired arteries (Celiac Trunk, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric) and 5 paired arteries (Inferior Phrenic, Suprarenal, Renal, Gonadal, Lumbar)

  10. Celiac Trunk branches into Left Gastric, Splenic, and Common Hepatic arteries

  11. Superior Mesenteric Artery supplies blood to pancreas, duodenum, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

  12. Inferior Mesenteric Artery supplies blood to terminal portions of the colon & rectum

  13. Inferior Phrenic Arteries supply blood to the inferior surface of the diaphragm and inferior oesophagus

  14. Suprarenal Arteries supply the adrenal glands

  15. Gonadal Arteries supply the testes & scrotum; ovaries, uterine tubes & uterus

  16. Lumbar Arteries supply vertebrae, spinal cord & abdominal wall

  17. Abdominal Aorta divides to form the right & left Common Iliac Arteries, which then divide into Internal Iliac and External Iliac Arteries

  
• Systemic Veins


  1. Internal Jugular veins empty into the brachiocephalic veins

  2. External Jugular veins empty into the Subclavian vein

  3. Vertebral Veins empty into the brachiocephalic veins

  4. Brachial vein becomes the Axillary Vein, which empties into the Subclavian vein

  5. Right and Left Brachiocephalic Veins merge to form the Superior Vena Cava

  6. Azygos vein is the main tributary of the superior vena cava, with the Hemiazygos vein emptying into it

  7. External & Internal iliac Veins fuse to form the Common iliac Vein, which then fuses with the other side to form the Inferior Vena Cava

  8. Inferior Vena Cava collects blood from Lumbar Veins, Gonadal Veins, Hepatic Veins, Renal Veins, Suprarenal Veins, and Phrenic Veins
• Hepatic Portal System


  • A portal system is a blood vessel connecting two capillary beds
  • The Hepatic Portal System begins in the capillaries of the digestive organs and ends in the liver sinusoids
  • Vessels contain substances absorbed by the stomach & intestines and deliver these absorbed compounds directly to the liver for storage, metabolic conversion or excretion
• Hepatic Portal System

  1. Hepatic Portal Vein receives blood from the Inferior Mesenteric Vein, Splenic Vein, and Superior Mesenteric vein

  2. Hepatic Portal Vein then receives blood from the Left and Right Gastric veins and Cystic Vein

  3. Blood enters the liver via the hepatic portal vein and leaves the liver via the Hepatic Vein which then enters the Inferior Vena Cava