animal final 🐱

• 2 types of reproductive behavior

  • soliciting copulation
  • copulation

  Males

  • soliciting: courtship (songs )
  • copulation: intromission (sex)
  • snapping wings together

  Females

  • soliciting: proceptive (wiggly ears)
  • copulation: receptive (lordosis)
  • sexual swelling
• hormones and reproduction

  • testosterone - males
  • increased testosterone = more wing snaps
  • estradiol - females
  • increased estradiol = more ear wiggles
• brain and reproduction

  • males: preoptic area
  • increased lizard dulap
  • females: ventromedial hypothalamus
  • increased ferret swats
• other parts of the brain - birds

  • breeding season = bigger hvc
  • non breeding season = smaller hvc
• types of reproduction

  • asexual
  • hermaphroditism
  • gonochorism
• asexual reproduction: growth and development of an embryo from 1 gamete

  parthenogenesis: embryo from an unfertilized egg

  • female species
  • example: amazon molly for both
• hermaphrodites: male and female parts

  • example: worm
• gonochorism

  • sexual reproduction, 2 sexes
  • nupital gift: male gifts female a nutritional gift in relation to copulation
  • bug
  • sexual cannibalism: killing and eating your partner
  • praying mantis
• primary sexual characteristic: gonads and reproductive tract

  secondary sexual characteristics: everything else that can differentiate a male and female

  • shown more in males
  • useless or costly in survival
• sexual dimorphism: the physical differences in males and females

  • size, color
• natural selection: organisms that are more adapted to their environment will survive and pass along their genes

  sexual selection: one sex prefers certain traits in the other sex
• why would sexual selection evolve?

  • male male competition
  • mate choice - usually female
  • good genes: offspring will look better - peacock
  • Preexisting bias: females already like this trait, so it evolved (sensory exploitation)
  • runaway selection: female likes the trait, but wants it bigger - longer tail
  • non genetic benefits: nupital gift and parental care
• bowerbird: structure

  lyre: mimics other noises
• sexual conflict: one sex benefits in terms of sexual reproduction and the other has reduced fitness

  • forced copulation
  • mate guarding: male bug on top of female
  • sperm competition: male bird peaks at female birds area
  • copulatory plug: bug can put something in the female after copulation
  • sperm removal
  • cryptic choice - female
  • infanticide: male kills babies that aren't his
• mating types

  • monogamy: each sex with 1 sexual partner
  • polygamy: 1 sex with many sexual partners
  • polygyny: male with many sexual partners
  • polyandry: female with many sexual partners
  • polygynandry: both sexes have many sexual partners, but also a relationship to have offspring
  • Promiscuity: both sexes have many sexual partners
• monogamy: prairie vol

  • why would it evolve
  • mate limitations
  • mate assistance
  • mate guarding
  • infanticide
  • 2 types
  • social monogamy: pair bond, but both partners engage in extra pair fertilization
  • superb fairywren
  • genetic monogamy: pair bond, both raise offspring
  • florida scrub jay
• sexual parasitism

  • extreme case of monogamy or polyandry
  • male attaches himself to the female
  • sperm --> food
• why would polyandry evolve?

  • better genes
  • less inbreeding
  • addition resources/care
  • honeybee
  • spotted sandpiper - fights other ladies for men
• polygyny

  • female defense: females are in a group for protection/resources while the male follows - lions
  • resource defense: male defend resources to try to attract females - fish and shells
  • lek: male waits for females to approach - bird displaying
  • scramble competition: male seeks out female - ground squrriel
• polygynandry

  • more offspring
  • sea spider
  • pair bond
• Promiscuity

  • more offspring
  • no pair bond
  • seaweed fly
• types of parental care

  • no care: anoles bury their eggs in a hole in the sand and leave
  • female uniparental: earwigs take mold off eggs and alligators listen to their babies chirp
  • male uniparental: frog carries babies on his back and penguin carries eggs on feet
  • biparental: poison frogs female lays addition egg for nutrition and black rock skinks reduce infanticide
• brood parasitism

  • 1 bird species lays its eggs in a different specie's nest, so those birds have to now raise their offspring
• preoptic area is important for parental care

  • oxytocin is an important hormone
• social behavior: interactions of individuals of the same species

  • asocial: animals that come together to breed
  • highly social: animals with repeated interactions, group living
• costs to group living

  • competition
  • transmitting diseases
  • increased aggression
  • increased attraction to predators
  • increased infanticide
• benefits to group living

  • foraging
  • reduced predation
  • reduced cost of movement
  • communal care
  • fast learning
  • reduced cost of thermoregulation
  • specialization and division of labor
• informational center hypothesis: group living is advantageous because informed individuals can let uninformed individuals know about resources
• types of social interactions

  • cooperation
  • altruism: receiver gets a fitness benefit, but the donor has to pay the fitness cost
  • mutual benefit: both participants get the fitness benefit
  • selfishness: donor gets the fitness benefit and the receiver doesn't
  • spite: both participants get the fitness cost
• evolutionary game theory: thinking about optimality during social interactions

  evolutionary stable strategy: only 1 strategy will always win
• strategies for prisoner's dilemma

  • alternate: go between c and d (nasty)
  • always c: always play c (nice)
  • always d: always play d (nasty)
  • grudger: start with c and continue until partner plays d and continue with d (nice)
  • random: c or d (nasty)
  • sneaker: start with c and copy partner, then play d (nasty)
  • tit for tat: start with c and copy partner did previously (nice) also the best option
• evolution of cooperation

  • hamilton's rule: altruism is favored by natural selection if benefit and relatedness > cost
  • benefit: more relatives added
  • cost: no offspring gained
• kin selection: animal engages in self sacrificial behaviors to benefit the genetic fitness of its relatives
• cooperation examples

  • white fronted bee eater: young male birds help older male birds raise their offspring
  • lance tail manakin: alpha and beta male birds dance, only alpha gets female
  • coalition - lions: more males = more cubs = better fitness for relatives
• domiance hierarchy

  • situations where an animal is physically or chemically more dominant than others in their social groups.
  • must establish dominance
  • individual attribute, who your parents are
  • must maintain dominance
  • rank, identity, ability to fight
• matrilineal domiance hierarchy

  • the social status of the individual depends on the social status of their mother
  • hyenas
• baboons - dominance

  • troops - 15 to 150
  • females stay, males leave
  • females: get ranking from mom
  • males: fight for their ranking
• dominance is communicated

  • feather color - dark eyed junco
  • honest indicator
• eusociality

  • animals living in colonies
  • 2 or more generations
  • communal care for young
  • divided into reproductive and not as reproductive
  • some bees, some wasps, all ants
• types of eusociality

  • facultative
  • only 1 breeds due to dominance hierarchy
  • obligate
  • only 1 can breed (queen) and the rest are non reproductive (workers)