Organic chemistry

• Stereoisomers - have the same molecular formula but atoms are arranged differently in space
• Structural isomer - same molecular formula but different structural formula
• Catalyst - a substance that increases the rate of a reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy it's also chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
• Electronegative - ability of an atom to attract the pair of bonding electrons in a covalent bond
• Dative bond - both electrons come from the same atom in a bond
• Nucleotide - electron pair donor
• Base - proton acceptor
• Reagent - compound or mixture added to a system to cause a chemical reaction or test if a reaction occurs
• Electrophile - electron pair acceptor
• Homologous series - set of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties they also increase by one CH2 each time
• Oxidation - loss of electrons / addition of oxygen / loss of hydrogen
• Reduction = gain electrons / loss of oxygen / gain hydrogen
• Oxidising agent - Reagen that oxidises another species by accepting electrons from it
• Reducing agent - reagent that reduces another species by being an electron donor
• Unsaturated = compound not containing only single bonds
• Saturated - compound containing only single bonds
• Thermal cracking needs 1000 degrees Celsius and 70 ATM of pressure in order to break the long chain hydrocarbons into mainly alkenes
• Catalytic cracking - requires the catalyst zeolite as well as 500 decrees Celsius and atmospheric pressure to break down long chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes
• Esters - carboxylic acids + alcohols
• Carbocation - when a carbon atom has a positive charge
• Fermentation of glucose - C6H12O6 - 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
• Fermentation of glucose 2 - 2C2H5OH + 6O2 - 6H2O + 4CO2
• Nucleophilic substitution - halogenoalkanes react with nucleophiles - hydroxide, cyanide and ammonia
• Elimination reactions - halogenoalkanes react with ethanoic hydroxides to form alkenes
• Free radical substitution - free radicals are produced by homolytic bond fission under UV light or very high temperatures. Alkanes react with these halogens to produce halogenoalkanes in the steps initiation, propagation and termination
• Electrophilic addition - alkenes react with electrophiles e.g HBr, BR2 and H2SO4. The more stable a carbocation the more likely it is to form making it the major product
• Dehydration of alcohols - an elimination reactions where alcohols become alkenes in the presence of an acid catalyst
• Hydration of alkenes - alkenes undergo an addition reaction in the presence of steam and an acid catalyst to form an alcohol
• Carbon neutral - the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the plant when it was alive is equal to the amount released when its burnt