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• Behaviorism


  A psychological approach that focuses on observable behavior and the role of learning in shaping behavior
• Social Learning Theory (SLT)


  A psychological theory that emphasizes the importance of observational learning and the role of cognition in shaping behavior
• CAPS Model


  Cognitive-Affective Personality System, a model of personality that emphasizes the role of cognitive and affective processes in shaping behavior
• Types of Data in Behaviorism


  • Carefully controlled lab studies
  • Animal and human subjects
  • Clear preference for B data (direct observations that can be verified by others)
• Key Ideas in Behaviorism


  • Locke and "Tabula Rasa" (personality is the result of your past experiences)
  • Personality is the sum of your learning history
  • Individual differences in the patterning of behavior are the result of learning different associations and having different consequences for prior behavior
  • The best angle to view personality is from the outside
• John Watson


  The Father of Behaviorism
• John Watson: '"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and I guarantee to take any one at random and turn him into any type of specialist I might select---doctor, lawyer, merchant chief, and yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, or race of his ancestors."'
• Classical Conditioning of Fear: Little Albert, Watson, & Rayner


  1. UCS (Loud noise) -> UCR (Startle/Cry)

  2. CS (Rabbit) + UCS (Loud noise) -> UCR (Startle/Cry)

  3. Eventually CS -> CR (Startle/Cry)
• Stimulus Generalization


  Occurs when a stimulus that is similar to the CS elicits the same response
• Stimulus Discrimination


  Occurs when a stimulus that is similar to the CS does not elicit the same response
• Second-order conditioning

  Occurs when a stimulus that has been associated with the CS elicits the same response
• Operant Conditioning


  A form of learning where behavior is shaped by its consequences
• B.F. Skinner's Views


  • No such thing as free will
  • Environmental contingencies determine behavior
  • Innate, hereditary factors influence behavior by setting the range of potential responses, but learning history determines individual differences
• Operant Behavior


  Behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences
• Reinforcement


  Strengthens a response and makes the behavior more likely to be repeated
• Punishment


  Weakens a response and makes the behavior less likely to be repeated
• Forms of Reinforcement


  • Positive Reinforcement (Introduction of an appetitive stimulus)
  • Negative Reinforcement (Removal of an aversive stimulus)
• Forms of Punishment


  • Punishment (Introduction of an aversive stimulus)
  • Removal of an appetitive stimulus
• Consequence Matrix


  A framework for understanding the different types of reinforcement and punishment based on adding or removing appetitive or aversive stimuli
• Social Learning Theory


  • Borrows preference for experiments from behaviorism
  • Clear preference for B data (direct observations)
  • Plus S data (self-perceptions are important and have causal influence on behavior)
• Social Learning Theory


  Combines behaviorism and cognition - humans can learn vicariously by observing others and understanding behavioral and reinforcement contingencies
• Rotter's Expectancy Value Theory


  BP = f(E & RV) - Behavioral potential is a function of expectancy (belief about likelihood of attaining a goal) and reinforcement value (subjective benefit of the goal)
• Generalized Expectancies


  Beliefs about whether anything you will do will produce desired outcomes
• Specific Expectancies


  Belief that a certain behavior at a certain time and place will produce the desired outcome
• Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory

  • Individual differences in behavior are the result of classical and operant conditioning, particularly operant conditioning where behavior that is directly reinforced is more likely to be repeated
  • Observational learning and modeling - observing others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior impacts your own likelihood of repeating behavior
• Bobo Doll Studies


  Demonstrated that aggressive behavior is learned by observing models, and the consequences for the model impact the children's tendency to exhibit novel aggressive behaviors
• Self-Efficacy

  Generalized set of beliefs about own ability to impact outcomes - belief that you can accomplish something successfully
• Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism Model

  The person, behavior, and the environment all interact to determine one another

  
• Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)

  Personality is a stable system that mediates how the individual selects, construes, and processes social information and generates social behaviors
• Mischel's CAPS Model: Cognitive Person Variables


  • Cognitive and behavioral construction competencies
  • Encoding strategies & personal constructs
  • Efficacy expectations
  • Subjective stimulus values
  • Self-regulatory systems and plans
  • Affects (feelings or emotions)
• Mischel's CAPS Model: If-Then Statements

  Personality is best conceived of as a set of If-Then contingencies, where situations matter in shaping behavior