respiratory system

• Respiration

  Supplies body with O2, disposes of CO2; waste product
• 4 types of Respiration

  1. Pulmonary ventilation

  2. External Respiration

  3. Transport

  4. Internal Respiration

  5. Cellular respiration
• Pulmonary ventilation

  Movement of air into and out of lungs
• External Respiration


  O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
• Transport


  O2 and Co2 in blood
• Internal Respiration


  O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
• Cellular respiration


  Glucose + Oxygen → Mitochondria → Oxygen + CO2 + ATP
• Respiratory Structures


  • Cleanses, warms and humidifies air
• Major Organs

  • Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and their branches, lungs, alveoli
• Functional Anatomy and 2 Pathway Zones

  1. Conducting Zone

  2. Respiratory Zone
• Conducting Zone

  Conduits (channel) to gas exchange sites where real exchange happens
• Conducting Zone


  Trachea → Right and Left (Primary) Bronchus → 2 Left Lobar and 3 Right Lobar → Segmentals → 23 divisions → Terminal bronchioles
• Respiratory Zone


  Site of gas exchange
• Respiratory Zone


  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
• Most gas exchange happens at the Alveoli
• Diaphragm and other respiratory muscles

  • Promote ventilation
• The Nose(the general)

  • Provides airway for respiration
  • Moistens and warms entering air
  • Filters and cleans inspired air
  • Resonating chamber for speech
  • House olfactory receptors
• Regions of the Nose

  • External nose and nasal cavity
• what does the External Nosecontain (4 main things)?

  • Philtrum
  • Nostrils
  • Nasal Septum
  • Floor-hard (bone) and soft palates (muscle)
  • Frontal bone → Nasal Bone → Septal Cartilage
• Nasal Cavity


  • Vibrissae (hairs) filter particles from inspired air
  • Lined with mucous membranes
  • Olfactory Mucosa
  • Respiratory Mucosa
• Olfactory Mucosa


  • Contains olfactory epithelium
  • On surface of nasal grooves of Nasal conchae and Nasal Meatus
• Respiratory Mucosa


  • Contain Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat to be digested or sneezed out
  • Sensory nerves endings trigger sneezing
  • Lamina propria with immune cells
  • Mucous and serous secretion contain lysozyme and defensins
• Nasal Conchae


  • Superior, middle and inferior
  • Has increased mucosal area
  • Enhance air turbulence
• Nasal Meatus


  Groove inferior to each concha
• the bronchi are tubes that branch off from the trachea to carry air into the lungs
• Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and Conchae during inhalation

  1. Filter

  2. Cleanse

  3. Moisten air
• Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and Conchae during exhalation

  1. Reclaim heat

  2. Reclaim moisture
• Paranasal Sinuses


  • Lighten skull
  • Secrete mucus
  • Help to warm and moisten air
• Rhinitis


  Inflammation of nasal mucosa
• Nasal Mucosa and Mucosa of Respiratory tract spreads from Continues with Mucosa of Respiratory tract (both have the same mucosa) and it spreads from the nose → throat → chest
• Inflammation in nasal mucosa

  Spreads from tear ducts (lacrimal ducts) and paranasal which blocks sinus passageways and then the change in pressure causes a sinus headache
• Pharynx


  A muscular tube from their base of skull to C6 that connects nasal cavity and oral cavity (mouth) to the larynx and esophagus
• Regions of the Pharynx

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
• Nasopharynx


  • Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
  • Lined with Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Soft Palate and uvula close this area during swallowing
  • Pharyngeal tonsil (when enlarged: adenoids) on posterior wall
  • Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes during and equalize pressure in middle ear
• Oropharynx


  • Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
  • Lined with Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Palatine tonsils in lateral walls of fauces
  • Lingual tonsils on posterior wall of tongue
• Laryngopharynx


  • Passageway for food and air
  • Posterior to upright epiglottis and extends to larynx where it is continuous with esophagus
  • Lined with Stratified squamous epithelium
• Larynx


  • Attached to hyoid bone and opens into laryngopharynx: continuous with trachea
  • Provides an open airway
  • Routes air and food into proper channels
  • Production of voice in which it houses vocal folds
• Lining of the Larynx(Superior and Inferior portions contain what type of epithelium)


  • Superior Portion: Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Inferior to vocal folds: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• Cartilages of the Larynx

  • Thyroid
  • Epiglottis
  • Cricoid
  • Arytenoids
  • Cuneiform
  • Corniculate
• EpiglottisCartilage


  • Has the ability to bend because it's elastic