chap 6 rrl

• Research Proposal (Research Blueprint)


  Prepared in conducting a study
• Research Design


  The process of structuring techniques and strategies that help researchers solve their problems
• Approaches to qualitative inquiry

  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory
  • Case study
  • Phenomenology
• Ethnography


  Studying a particular group or population in the natural setting or in their habitat
• Grounded theory


  Commonly used to elicit different ideas, opinions, or beliefs from the respondents
• Case study


  Done when a researcher would want to know the deeper details about a certain situation
• Phenomenology


  Describes the common meaning of several individuals' lived experiences about a phenomenon
• Historical Approach


  A systematic collection and evaluation of information
• Population


  Complete group of persons, animals or objects
• Two kinds of population

  • Target Population
  • Accessible Population
• Target Population


  Made up of all research elements that a researcher would want his/her findings to be generalized to
• Accessible Population


  A group of research elements within which the research respondents will be taken from
• Sample


  A group of individuals that represents the characteristics of a population
• Sampling


  The process of selecting samples from a population
• Advantages of sampling


  • Saves time, effort, and resources
  • Minimizes casualties
  • Paves the way for thorough investigation
  • Allows easy data handling, collection, and analysis
• Qualitative sampling techniques


  • Purposeful sampling
  • Extreme or deviant case sampling
  • Intensity Sampling
  • Maximum Variation Sampling
  • Homogeneous sampling
  • Typical case sampling
  • Critical Case sampling
  • Snowball or Chain sampling
  • Criterion Sampling
  • Operational Construct or Theoretical sampling
  • Confirming and Disconfirming sampling
  • Stratified Purposeful sampling
  • Opportunistic or emergent sampling
  • Purposeful Random Sampling
  • Convenience sampling
  • Combination or mixed purposeful sampling
• Sample Size


  Estimated based on the approach used in the study
• Two general classifications of data

  • Primary Data
  • Secondary Data
• Primary Data


  First-hand information, also those gathered for a particular research
• Secondary Data

  Mostly data consisting of studied objects
• Data Collection Instruments


  • Documentary analysis
  • Interview
  • Structured Interview
  • Unstructured Interview
  • Semi-structured interview
  • Observation
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Participative Observation
  • Non-naturalistic Observation
  • Questionnaire
  • Yes or No
  • Recognition
  • Self-completion
  • Rating/Ranking
  • Subjective
  • Combination
  • Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
• Documentary analysis


  Requires the researcher to examine existing records or documents
• Interview


  Happens when the researcher personally asks the key informants about things
• Structured Interview


  Prepared and organized questions
• Unstructured Interview


  Prepares an outline of the topics
• Semi-structured interview


  Prepares a specific set of questions
• Observation


  The researchers tracks the subjects' behavioral change
• Naturalistic Observation


  Observes in the natural setting
• Participative Observation


  Requires the researcher to be involved
• Non-naturalistic Observation


  Also called as "ideal situation" observation, where subjects are taken away from their actual environment
• Types of Questionnaires


  • Yes or No
  • Recognition
  • Self-completion
  • Rating/Ranking
  • Subjective
  • Combination
• Focus Group Discussion (FGD)


  A good way to gather people from similar backgrounds