PHILO

• Philosophy


  The study of all aspects of existence, ranging from the fundamental nature of reality to the complexities of human thought and ethics, making it a comprehensive discipline that seeks to understand the world and our place within it
• Reasons to study Philosophy

  • Through Philosophy, we may be able to acquire wisdom and truth
  • Philosophy has a lot of impactful insights to each student
  • Doing Philosophy helps students to develop clear concepts
  • It does not limit itself to specific concepts making it multi-dimensional
  • It develops better understanding and appreciation of human life
  • It provides the students with better intellectual perspective and outlook
• Etymological definition of Philosophy


  PHILO - love, SOPHIA - wisdom, PHILOSOPHY - love of wisdom (committed to living a contemplative and self-disciplined life in the pursuit of truth)
• Classical definition of Philosophy


  Philosophy tells the very essence or nature of thing, it is also called science because the investigation is systematic and follows a certain process, "Philosophy is a science which inquiries into the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of all things in the light of pure reason alone"
• Light of Pure Reason Alone


  Unaided reasons - you don't need other reasons to validate something
• Study of All Things


  Philosophy does not limit itself to a particular object of inquiry, it considers all factors when coming up with a theory
• Ancient Period (Cosmocentric)


  • World-Centered, focused on what the world is made of
• Philosophers on what the world is made of

  • Thales - Water
  • Anaximenes - Air
  • Anaximander - Apeiron (Indefinite Elements)
  • Heraclitus - Fire
  • Empedocles - Four Elements
  • Democritus - Atom
• Great Triumvirate of Greek Philosophers


  • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (disagreed with Socrates and Plato, refused to go beyond the world Hic et Nunc - Here and Now)
• Medieval Period (Theocentric)


  • God-Centered, focused on saints and religious proponents, search for the ultimate causes of all things which has led to the truth about God
• Modern Period (Anthropocentric)


  • Man-Centered Approach, Age of Geniuses, Age of Enlightenment, period of emergence of Mathematics, Science, and technology, revival of the glorious achievement of the Greeks
• Genius


  • Leonardo da Vinci - Universal Man, an artist, scientist, philosopher, and theologian
• Rene Descartes


  Father of Modern Thought, Methodic Doubt - doubted all things as far as possible in order to arrive at certitude (absolute certainty), Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)
• Rationalist Philosophers


  • Rene Descartes
  • Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
  • Benedict de Spinoza
• Immanuel Kant


  • Father of Post Modernity, Critique of Pure Reason which marks the end of Modern Philosophy, Completion of the Universal Methodical Doubt of Descartes, Reconciled two opposing Philosophical Thoughts (Rationalism and Empiricism)
• Methods of Philosophizing


  • Socratic/Dialectic Method
  • Cartesian Method
  • Phenomenological Method
  • Scientific Method
  • Historical Method
• Socratic/Dialectic Method


  Named after Socrates, Elenchus - "Argument of Refutation" - disproving or rejecting of an idea if it doesn't satisfy you, "to inquire or to cross-examine" - to examine or interrogate a question, Socratic Questioning - asking questions to satisfy yourself
• Cartesian Method


  Founded by Rene Descartes, Methodic Doubt - we discover truth by doubting, we tend to doubt until we arrive in certitude (absolute certainty)
• Cartesian Method


  Involves dialogue, like the Dialectic Method
• Meditations of First Philosophy


  All that we study has a starting point, just like in Mathematics where we start with counting and identifying numbers
• Non-sensical Doubt


  It is nonsense if we tend to doubt things which are clear for us already
• Cogito Ergo Sum


  I think therefore, I am
• Four ways to arrive at certitude


  • Never accept anything except it is clear and distinct
  • Divide ideas into many parts as needed to solve it
  • Arrange ideas from simplest to complex
  • Never leave anything to chance
• Phenomenological Method


  Essence of consciousness - you should be aware of what's happening, founded by Edmund Husserl, aims to explain the reality and our experiences in life, requires having lived experiences to understand the lived experiences of others
• Scientific Method


  Scientia - to produce knowledge, Empirical Method - learning through observation and experience by using tools in science, used to collect measurable empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis to support or contradict a theory
• Historical Method


  Iotopia - to investigate and to find out, involves gathering evidences, examining them and formulating ideas in the past to come up with present truths
• Man


  Pertains to all human beings regardless of identity which includes, gender, ethnicity, rationality and etc.
• Human


  Pertains to all men who have human DNA
• Person


  Anyone who is morally guided, not all humans are persons
• Physical World


  Man is destined to live in the physical world as he is part of the world and lives among entities in the world, pertains to our Physical Body which needs to co-exist not only for humans but to all creatures
• Spiritual World


  Man is destined to live in the spiritual world because he is summoned by God to live with Him in His kingdom, but God gave us free will, intellect, and conscience
• Three-fold Level of Human Nature


  • Somatic Level - refers to the body, substance, or stuff of man and secondarily to the bodily structure and color of man
  • Attitudinal Level - mental reaction of every man to given stimulus, refers to one's opinion, mood, and feelings
  • Behavioral Level - mode of acting of every man, actions based on one's thoughts
• Theories of Human Nature

  • Ancient Period - World-centric, Pre-Socratic Philosophers, Socratic Philosophers
  • Medieval Period - Theo-centric
  • Modern Period - Anthropo-centric
• Three-fold level of human nature

  • Somatic (body, substance, stuff of man)
  • Attitudinal (mental reaction, opinion, mood, feelings)
  • Behavioral (mode of acting)
• Somatic


  • Relating to body, especially distinct from the mind
  • Refers to the physical aspect of man
  • Ability to feel and the physical features including complexion
• Attitudinal level


  • Mental reaction of every man to given stimulus
  • Refers to one's opinion, mood, and feelings
  • Ito yung alam mo, iniisip mo, at nararamdaman mo
• Behavioral level


  • Mode of acting of every man
  • Actions ng iniisip mo
• Aspects of human nature

  • Cognitive (intellect, thinking capacity)
  • Affective (feelings and affection)
  • Psychomotor (skills)
• Theories of Human Nature of various Philosophers coming from different periods
• Thales - Water is the basis of human nature