Misleading information

• The response-bias explanation suggests that the wording of the question has no real effect on the participants' memories, but just influences how they decide to answer
• The substitution explanation proposes that the wording of a leading question changes the participant's memory of the film clip
• Memory contamination

  When co-witnesses to a crime discuss it with each other, their eyewitness testimonies may become altered or distorted
• Memory conformity

  Witnesses often go along with each other, either to win social approval or because they believe the other witnesses are right and they are wrong
• Evidence challenging the memory conformity explanation suggests that it may not fully explain the effects of post-event discussion on eyewitness testimony