CONTEMP WEEK 10

• Religion and globalization

  Constitute each other
• Religion


  Enables globalization to a large extent
• Religion is diffused through various corners of the world
• Religion propelled globalization beyond territorial and ethnolinguistic boundaries
• Religion


  An essential facet of social existence
• Modern-day laws, scientific pursuits, and political practices emerged from early religious practices
• Religion is one of the earliest sources of social truths ranging from arguments explaining the world's existence to the codes of conduct governing individual existence
• Clifford Geertz: 'Religion is a system of symbols that "establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic"'
• Religion


  A set of practices, beliefs (e.g., moral codes), rituals, and explanations of the universe's cause, purpose, and nature and symbols
• Religion


  Takes advantage of communication and transportation technologies
• Religion


  Serves as a refuge for individuals who oppose globalization's dominance
• Due to daily contact enabled by globalization

  Religion enters a circle of struggle in which they become more self-aware of their status as world religions
• Economic and political interconnectedness


  Have long been associated with globalization, which has brought people closer, and the effect of no event is isolated but felt in far-off places
• Globalization


  Has shifted the cultural build-up of the world and led to the formation of a "global culture," which is a minimum accepted by all
• Globalization


  Stands for increased and daily contact while religions become more self-conscious about themselves as world religions
• Globalization


  Due to the advent of communication and transportation technology and the media's roles, has contributed to the deterritorialization and the blurring of geographical spaces and boundaries
• Globalization has made the world a small village where people, cultures, and identities come in daily face-to-face contact
• Religion is not immune to the changes and the burgeoning effects of globalization
• Religions still have their respective homes in specific territorial spaces where they originally appeared and where their shrines exist
• Purpose of religions


  To be embraced and practiced by people worldwide
• Religions make fair use of the technologies of globalization to emerge and spread
• Having geographical boundaries and frontiers that are blurred and dissolved, religions can easily spread and reach every part of the world
• Globalization aims at the hybridization of the world cultures around the pattern of Western culture, entailing liberal values and norms
• Religion (particularly Islam) constitutes a challenge because Islam's norms and values are incompatible with the liberal values of globalization
• Globalization provides a context for the current considerable revival and religion's resurgence
• Although it is strengthened and fortified by globalization, religion represents a challenge to its hybridizing effects, seeking to assert its identity in the light of globalization
• As a result, different religious identities come to the fore and assert themselves
• Globalization is associated, as an American or a Western project, with Westernization and Americanization, and the dominance and hegemony exerted by these two processes, particularly in third-world countries, make religion-related cultures and identities take defensive measures to protect themselves
• In this respect, Islam takes caution and resists globalization forces' encroachment on its cultures and livelihoods in many ways
• Muslim world


  Emerged before the Holy Roman Empire
• Spread of Islam

  1. After the death of Prophet Muhammad

  2. Across the Arabian Peninsula

  3. Reaching parts of Persia
• Caliph


  A leader who wields religious and political power and implements and enforces the law of Islam throughout Muslim lands
• Muslim merchants traversed the Indian Ocean to trade with societies on the other side of West Asia


  14th century
• Islam arrived in the Philippines with Arab and Malay merchants following Southeast Asian trade networks


  Early 14th century
• Expansion of Islam in the Philippines

  Introduced a sophisticated culture and system of government known as a sultanate to Mindanao
• Sultanate


  Supra-baranganic political subdivisions or political structures comprising several barangays
• Datu/Sultan


  • A leader designated by Allah and said to possess religious and political powers
  • His authority is considered sacred
  • His administration is based on the laws of Islam or Sharia
• Barangays or sultanates


  1. Studied original Arabic texts of the Qur'an through madrassas or schools

  2. Designed mosques or places of worship mimicking the architectural design of their Middle Eastern counterparts
• Christianization


  The process of converting to Christianity
• Christianization of the New World

  1500s