NAT101

• Compound microscope


  A system of lenses that can invert images
• Three major parts of the microscope


  • Mechanical parts
  • Illuminating parts
  • Magnifying parts

  
• Mechanical parts


  • Draw tube
  • Body tube
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • Dust shield
  • Arm
  • Stage
  • Spring clips
  • Sub stage
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Fine adjustment knob
  • Inclination joint
  • Pillar
  • Base
• Illuminating parts


  • Mirror
  • Iris diaphragm
  • Abbe condenser
• Magnifying parts


  • Ocular/Eyepiece
  • Objectives
• Low power objective


  Shortest tube, 10x magnification
• High power objective


  Longer tube, 40x, 43x, 45x magnification
• Oil immersion objective


  Same length as high power, 95x, 97x, 100x magnification, requires special oil
• Care of the microscope


  • Examine for defects
  • Keep it clean
  • Do not separate loose parts
  • Do not touch lenses
  • Check parts thoroughly
  • Carry with both hands
• Magnification


  The number of times an object is enlarged by the magnifying lens
• Magnification = Magnifying power of objective x Magnifying power of eyepiece
• The cell is the basic unit of life
• All organisms are made up of cells
• Cells came from pre-existing cells
• Cell


  The smallest unit of life that can carry all the functions of a living thing
• Most organisms are multicellular
• Parts of the cell


  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosomes
  • Cytoskeleton

  
• Plasma membrane


  Regulates the movement of water, nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell
• Cytoplasm


  A semi-fluid substance made primarily of water and organic compounds
• Nucleus


  Contains the cell's DNA and is the control center of the cell
• Chromosomes


  Contain the cell's genetic information
• Nucleolus


  Where ribosomes are formed

  
• Ribosomes


  Participate in protein synthesis

  
• Mitochondria


  The power plants of the cell
• Lysosomes


  Contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of nutrient molecules and other materials
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  Rough ER is the site of protein synthesis, smooth ER makes lipids, processes carbohydrates, and modifies chemicals

  
• Golgi apparatus


  Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or secretion

  
• Cytoskeleton


  A network of protein filaments that allow the cell to change shape, move organelles, and move from place to place

  
• Cilia


  • Slender protuberances that project from the cell body and function in locomotion
• Flagella


  • Tail-like projections that protrude from the cell body and function in locomotion
• Structures found in plant cells but not animal cells


  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Large vacuoles
• Prokaryotic cells


  Cells without a true nucleus
• Eukaryotic cells


  Cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

  
• Prokaryotes lack mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a true nucleus
• Eukaryotes have a true nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

  
• Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack sterols in their plasma membrane
• Eukaryotic cells have a more complex internal structure with membrane-bound organelles

  
• Cell wall


  Provides rigidity and a porous medium for circulation of water, minerals, and nutrients in plant cells
• Chloroplasts


  Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis
• Vacuoles


  Large membrane-bound sacs in plant cells that store water, minerals, nutrients, and proteins