B1

• What are the two types of cells?

  The two types of cells are Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic.

  
• What type of cells are eukaryotic?

  Both plant and animal cells are Eukaryotic.
• Where is the genetic material enclosed in Eukaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
• What do both animal and plant cells have?

  Both animal and plant cells have:

  - A cell membrane

  - A cytoplasm

  - A nucleus containing the genetic material (DNA)
• Is the genetic information of a prokaryotic cell enclosed in a nucleus?

  The genetic information of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nucleus.
• Where is the genetic information of a prokaryotic cell located?

  Prokaryotic cells have their genetic information in a single loop of DNA or small rings of DNA called plasmids.
• What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

  Bacterial cells are examples of a prokaryotic cell.
• What do prokaryotic cells have?

  Prokaryotic cells have:

  - A cell membrane

  - A cytoplasm

  - A cell wall

  - DNA in plasmids/loops
• What are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:

  - Have a cell membrane

  - Have cytoplasm

  - Have DNA
• What are some differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

  - Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.

  - Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus, prokaryotic cells don't.
• How do we use standard form?

  A × 10n

  A is a number greater than one but less than 10.

  n is the index or power, always in powers of 10
• What are all the prefixes for measuring cells?

  Centi, Milli, Micro and Nano.

  
• What is centi?

  1/100 of a metre
• What is milli?

  1/1000 of a metre
• What is micro? (μm)

  (μm) 1/1,000,000 of a metre

  -million-
• What is nano? (nm)

  1/1,000,000,000 of a metre

  -billion-
• What is an order of magnitude?

  Powers of ten which describe the size of an object.

  10x - 1 order of magnitude

  100x - 2 orders of magnitude

  1000x - 3 orders of magnitude

  
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  The nucleus encloses the genetic material.

  
• What is the function of a cytoplasm?

  The cytoplasm is a solution where chemical reactions take place.

  
• What is the function of a cell membrane?

  The cell membrane controls the molecules that can enter and leave the cell.

  
• What takes place in the mitochondria?

  Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
• What takes place in the ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes.
• Animal Cell Labelling ---> --->

  
• What are chloroplasts?

  Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis.

  
• What is the cell wall made from in a plant cell?

  The cell wall is made from cellulose, which strengthens the cell.

  
• What is a permanent vacuole?

  The permanent vacuole is filled with cell sap and helps keep the shape of the plant cell.
• What does the cell sap do?

  The cell sap helps keep the shape of a plant.
• What are three structures found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell?

  Chloroplasts, Cell Wall, Permanent Vacuole.
• What is cell specialization?

  Cell specialization is done to help cells carry out a particular function.
• What is the name given to when a cell becomes specialized?

  When cells become specialized, it is called differentiation.
• What are adaptations of a sperm cell?

  - Long tail

  Makes it easier to swim to the ovum

  - Streamlined body

  Helps the sperm cell swim easily

  - Packed with mitochondria

  Provides energy needed for swimming

  - Contains enzymes

  Allows them to digest their way to through the ovum

  
• What are adaptations of a nerve cell?

  (To send electrical impulses around the body)

  - Long axon

  Carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

  - Myelin insulation

  Insulates the axon and speeds up transmission of nerve impulses

  - Synapses

  Allow impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another

  - Dendrites

  Increase surface area to allow connection of other nerve cells

  
• What are adaptations of muscle cells?

  - Protein fibres

  Contraction to change length (shorten when muscles contract)

  - Packed of mitochondria

  Provides energy for contraction

  
• How are root hair cells specialized?

  - Many hairs

  Increase surface area to absorb more water

  - No chloroplasts

  As they do not carry out photosynthesis

  
• How are xylem cells specialized?

  - Thick walls containing lignin

  Provides support to the plant

  - Long tube due to walls broken down

  Water and minerals can flow easily

  - No internal structures

  Allows water to flow through easily

  
• How are phloem tubes specialized?

  - No nucleus

  - Sieve plates

  Allow dissolved sugars to move through

  - Companion cell

  Provides energy to the phloem cell

  
• What are some advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope?

  Electron microscopes have:

  Higher magnification

  Higher resolution
• What is the formula for microscopy? --->

  
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  23 Pairs.
• What are chromosomes?

  Chromosomes are long, thin strings of genetic material made of DNA and proteins.