Cardio Pathology

• Arteriosclerosis

  Thickening and loss of elasticity in arterial walls
• scler/o

  hardening
• ather/o

  plaque
• Atherosclerosis

  Plaque obstructing blood flow, a form of arteriosclerosis
• Claudication

  Cramp-like pains in calves due to poor circulation
• Varicose Veins

  Dilated veins with incompetent valves allowing reverse blood flow
• Esophageal Varices

  Varicose veins at lower esophagus causing ulceration and bleeding
• Hemorrhoids

  Varicose veins in the rectum causing painful swelling of the anus
• Aneurysm

  Weakness in artery wall, congenital or acquired
• neur/o

  nerve
• Thrombophlebitis

  Inflammation of veins due to blood clot

  can be deep or superficial
• thromb/o

  clot, clotting
• pheleb/o

  vein
• Peripheral Arterial Occlusion

  Blockage of blood flow to extremities
• Peripheral Vascular Disorder


  Vascular disorder limited to extremities
• Raynaud's Disease


  Intermittent cyanosis and erythema in distal fingers/toes

  idiopathic, commonly exclusive in young women
• Hypertension

  Elevated blood pressure, with primary and secondary forms
• primary hypertension

  no known cause
• secondary hypertension

  high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
• Hemangioma

  Non-cancerous blood vessel tumor

  hemangiosarcoma=malignant
• Atrial Myxoma

  Benign growth on the interatrial septum

  myxosarcoma=malignant
• sarc/o

  flesh, connective tissue
• myx/o

  mucus-like substance
• coarctation of the aorta

  narrowing of the aorta
• patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

  passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth
• Septal defects (ASD and VSD)

  small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects)
• Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

  This is a term for when there is a persisting hole between atria
• Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

  congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects:

  pulmonary stenosis,

  ventricular septal defect,

  hypertrophy of the right ventricle,

  malposition of the aortic semilunar valve.
• Bradycardia


  slow heart rate
• Tachycardia


  rapid heart rate
• palpitation


  uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate
• Cardiac pain


  atypical stabbing or burning pain in the chest
• ischemic pain


  chest pain caused by lack of sufficient blood flow (ischemia) to the heart muscle (myocardium)
• fatigue


  Extreme tiredness, exhaustion
• Dyspnea


  difficult or painful breathing
• DOE


  dyspnea on exertion
• SOB


  shortness of breath (unable to stop breathing hard)
• syncope


  fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood pressure to the cerebrum
• cardiomegaly


  enlargement of the heart
• pallor


  paleness