science

• 1. Hydrosphere - is the total amount of water on a planet. It includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air.
• 1. Lithosphere - is the solid, outer part of the Earth
• 1. Atmosphere - is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body that is held in place by the gravity of that body.
• 1. Biosphere - the part of the world in which life can exist
• 1. Igneous rocks - formed from the cooling of magma (a very hot liquid found underneath the Earth's surface). Examples: Rhyolite, Granite, Basalt
• 1. Sedimentary rocks - are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms.

  Examples: limestone, conglomerate, dolomite, shale
• Metamorphic rocks - formed through the alteration of preexisting rocks in response to changing environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pressure, and mechanical stress, and the addition or subtraction of chemical components.

  Examples:

  marble (from limestone), slate(from shale)
• • Meteorology - concerned with the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather.'
  • Weather - the state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure, etc.
  • Climate - the long term (min 30 years) and average weather conditions for a specific region.
• Troposphere


  The layer of the atmosphere closest to the Earth's surface, extending up to about 10-15 km above the Earth's surface. It contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass. The troposphere is wider at the equator than at the poles.
• Stratosphere


  The layer lies directly above the troposphere and is about 35 km deep. It extends from about 15 to 50 km above the Earth's surface. The stratosphere is warmer at the top than the bottom.
• Mesosphere


  The layer that is directly above the stratosphere, extending from 50 to 80 km above the Earth's surface, the mesosphere is a cold layer where the temperature generally decreases with increasing altitude.
• Thermosphere


  Extends from 80 km above the Earth's surface to outer space. The temperature is hot and may be as high as thousands of degrees as the few molecules that are present in the thermosphere receive extraordinarily large amounts of energy from the Sun.
• Exosphere


  This is the most external layer of the atmosphere. It is also the least known. Researchers have calculated that its temperature exceeds 2000 °C.
• Ecology


  A branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms
• Ecological (or environmental) factors

  • Biotic
  • Abiotic
• Biotic


  All living factors in the environment
• Abiotic


  Nonliving factors that are essential to living organisms
• Population


  The number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area at the same time, with the capability of interbreeding
• Community


  An ecological unit composed of a group of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area, usually interacting with each other and their environment
• Ecosystem


  A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit
• Biome


  An area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it
• • Weathering - breakdown of rocks at the Earth's surface, by the action of rainwater, extremes of temperature, and biological activity.
  • Erosion - geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water.
  • Lithification - the process or processes by which unconsolidated materials are converted into coherent solid rock, as by compaction or cementation
• Asteroids


  Rocky objects in space that can be a few feet wide to several hundred miles wide. Most asteroids in the solar system orbit in a belt between Mars and Jupiter.
• Meteoroid


  A small chunk of rock or iron that travels through space
• Comet


  A ball of frozen gases, rock and dust that is about the size of a small town. Comets orbit the sun. Jets of gas and dust from comets form long tails that can be seen from Earth.
• Solar eclipse


  Occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partially obscuring Earth's view of the Sun.
• Amyloplast


  An organelle in some plant cells that stores starch
• Amyloplasts


  • Found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits
• Cell wall


  • A thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell
  • Layer of cellulose fiber that gives the cell most of its support and structure
  • Bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant
• Cell membrane


  • A semi-permeable membrane present within the cell wall
  • Composed of a thin layer of protein and fat
  • Plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of specific substances within the cell
• Lunar eclipse


  An eclipse in which the full moon passes partially or wholly through the umbra of the earth's shadow
• Centrosome


  • A small body located near the nucleus
  • Has a dense center and radiating tubules
  • Where microtubules are made
• Chlorophyll


  • A molecule that can use light energy from sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis)
  • Usually colored green
• Chloroplast


  • An elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll
  • Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
• Cytoplasm


  The jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located
• Golgi body


  • A flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus
  • Packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell
• Mitochondria


  • Double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
  • Provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules (the "powerhouse of the cell")
• Nuclear membrane


  The membrane that surrounds the nucleus
• Nucleolus


  An organelle within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced
• Nucleus


  • Spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus
  • Controls many of the functions of the cell by controlling protein synthesis
  • Contains DNA in chromosomes