LyKV LVM0ST3 pt.2

• Era of Extermination

  • Disability is a "punishment of the gods" - A bad or evil sign
  • Individual is what he is, now and forever
  • Plato & Aristotle call for infanticide
• Era of Extermination

  • Hippocrates rejected the premise and instead believed that the cause of mental illness was because of environmental reasons and brain impairment
• Era of Extermination

  • Hippocrates established the first sanitarium for what turned out to be well-off families who had a member with mental illness
• Era of Extermination

  • Ciceron calls for the purity of the race, a society free of "defectives"
• Era of Extermination

  • Need for military superiority therefore, someone with a disability resulting from war (soldiers) is taken in charge by the City
• Era of Extermination

  • Four Differing Attitudes Toward Disability during the Early Period
  • Punishment from God for having sinned (belief of Hebrew)
  • Disability as a matter of economics and social status, and thus people with disabilities (who often were beggars) were viewed as socially inferior (Greek)
  • Disability as a curse or as being possessed, thereby, needing prayer and charity (Christian)
  • Many views one's disability as primarily in a clinical sense as an organic chronic illness or disease (today)
• Consequences of Philosophy (Era of Exterminatio)

  • Chaining > Left on hills to die > Thrown off cliffs > Locked away > Drown
  • Father had right to terminate child's life
  • Deaf, blind & ill children had little more chance
• Era of Ridicule( Rigid caste sytem...... )


  Those with disabilities were:

  • Permitted to live and often turn into beggars (Greeks)
  • Used as servants or fools
  • Some were still put to death
  • Amusement as court jesters (Romans)
  • Dwarfs were used as clowns
  • Overall, ridiculed for deformities and behavior
• Era of Asylum


  • Catholic Church accepts those with disabilities as wards of state
  • Cared in isolation
  • No education at first, but humane treatment
  • Belief: Once disabled, always disabled
  • They are seen as helpless people, thus unteachable
• Pedro Ponce de Leon


  • Educated the Deaf people from the noble class
  • In Spain created the first documented experience about education of deaf children (from nobility)
• Abbe Charles Michel D L'Epee

  • Institute for the Deaf
  • In Paris created the "Institut pour sourds" (Institute for deaf)
• Louis Braille


  • Braille system – Tactile system of reading and writing for the blind
  • Invented "Braille script"
• Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard

  • Argued that special teaching methods could be effective in education disabled children
  • Pioneered the modern special teaching methods
  • Used systematic technique to teach a boy
  • First basis of special education needs: Individualization, Emotional attachment, Specific materials, Structure of contents, Segregation
• Édouard Séguin(January 20, 1812 - October 28, 1880)


  • A physician and educationist born
  • His work is considered to be the earliest systematic textbook dealing with the special needs of children with intellectual disabilities
  • Seguin believed that those with mental retardation could be trained, and learn to do things
  • He spent much of his time focusing on vocational training and self-care skills
  • This was a view that opposed the prevailing view of the time that idiocy could not be cured or sufferers improved
• Maria Montessori


  • Italy's first female physician
  • developed a pedagogy to educate these children and later refined it for broader applicationChildren are natural learners therefore they learn and must be taught in natural settings
  • Montessori education is a flow of experience
  • It builds on the continuing self-construction of a child – daily, weekly, yearly, for the duration of the program
  • The "prepared environment" is Maria Montessori's concept that the environment can be designed to facilitate maximum independent learning and exploration by the child
• Ovide Decroly


  • "The school will be located wherever is the nature, wherever life is, wherever the work is"
  • In 1901, Decroly founded a school for children with mild disabilities (behavioral disorders, learning disabilities, light mental retardation)
  • He gradually invented his pedagogy
  • In 1907, he founded a school for "ordinary" children with the same pedagogy
• Era of Beginning (Three pioneers of SPED)

  • Pedro Ponce de Leon - Educated the Deaf people from the noble class
  • Abbe Charles Michel D L'Eppe - Institute for the Deaf
  • Louis Braille _ Braille system - Tactile system of reading and writing for the blind
• Punishment from God for having sinned 


  Belief of Hebrew
• Disability as a matter of economics and social status, and thus people with disabilities (who often were beggars) were viewed as ______________.


  Socially inferior (Greek)
• Disability as a curse or as being possessed, thereby, needing prayer and charity 


  Christian
• Many views one's disability as primarily in a clinical sense as an organic chronic illness or disease


  Today
• During this period

  • Individuals w disabilities were made fun of and mocked for their deformities and behaviors


  C. Ridicule (Middile ages) - rigid caste system/used as servants or fools
• During this era,

  • Disability was believed to be a punishment of the gods


  B. Era of Extermination - Disability is impurity/cannot approach sacred places
• He created the first documented experienced about education of deaf children


  D. Pedro Ponce de Leon - One of the pionneers/first educate deaf people from 'NOBLE' families
• The preschool-aged child constructs a tower with the largest cube on the bottom and the smallest on top. From whom did this pioneered from?

  C. Montessori

  • Montessori Education uses didactice materials
  • Prepared Enviroment - to facilitate maximum independent learning and exploration
• 'NOT" the first basis of education according to Itard


  D. Self reliance

  • According to Itard, the first basis of special education are the ff: Individualization, emotional attachment, specific materials, structure of contents and segregation
• "The school will be located wherever is the nature, wherever life is, wherever the work is"

  B. Decroly

  • Decroloy classroom is like a home.
  • Founded a school for children with mild disabilities
  • Invented pedagogy
  • Founded a school for "ordinary" children with the same pedagogy